Deepfake and synthetic media regulation is one of the fastest-moving areas of AI law in America. State legislatures are enacting laws that address AI-generated content mimicking real people — including audio, video, and images — targeting election interference, non-consensual intimate imagery, fraud, and deceptive commercial practices.
Most states have now enacted deepfake-specific laws, with requirements ranging from criminal penalties for non-consensual deepfakes to mandatory disclosure and watermarking of AI-generated media. The regulatory landscape is evolving rapidly, particularly around political deepfakes ahead of election cycles.
An act relating to data brokers and personal information
Vermont's H.211 (Act 138 of 2026) overhauls Vermont's data broker law, with higher fees and fines, checks before brokers disclose data, and a data broker breach-notice law. Its AI-relevant provision is in the annual registration under 9 V.S.A. § 2446: a data broker must state whether, in the past year, it shared consumers' data with or sold it to a developer of a generative AI ("GenAI") system or model, alongside disclosures about sales to foreign actors, governments and law enforcement. The act defines a GenAI system as an AI system that can generate synthetic text, images, video and audio. These provisions take effect January 1, 2027.
Advertisement claims: health-related consumer products and services: digital replicas and synthetic performers.
California's SB 1146 (Gonzalez) would add Business and Professions Code 651.4, requiring a person who creates an advertisement for a health-related consumer product or service that includes a digital replica or synthetic performer depicted as a health care provider to include a clear and conspicuous disclosure that the provider was AI-generated or altered or that no human provider is depicted. Passed the Senate 36-0 on May 18, 2026; held in Assembly Appropriations August 13, 2026; it did not pass.
Enacts the "political artificial intelligence disclaimer (PAID) act"; requires political communications that use synthetic media to disclose that they were created with the assistance of artificial intelligence; requires committees that use synthetic media to maintain records of such usage.
New York's S 6638-B (2023-2024), the political artificial intelligence disclaimer (PAID) act, would have amended Election Law section 14-106 to require political communications produced by or including synthetic media to carry the statement "THIS POLITICAL COMMUNICATION WAS CREATED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE", and committees to keep and file records of synthetic media use. It cleared the Elections Committee March 12, 2024 (7 to 0) but was committed to Rules June 7, 2024 and died when the 2023-2024 session ended.
Election Law - Influencing a Voter By Dissemination of a Deepfake - Prohibition
Maryland's HB 525 (2025, third reader) would have made it unlawful to influence or attempt to influence a voter's decision, with fraudulent intent, by disseminating a deepfake: a realistic but false depiction of a person (new Election Law section 16-905). A violation would have been a misdemeanor (fine up to $5,000, up to 5 years, or both). It passed the House 127-10 and was referred to the Senate Rules Committee on April 4, 2025, with no further action; it died when the session ended.
Election Law - Campaign Materials - Disclosure of Use of Synthetic Media
Maryland's HB 740 (2025) would have required candidates, campaign finance entities, certain registrants and their agents to include a disclosure when they distribute campaign material made with or containing synthetic media (an image, audio or video intentionally manipulated with generative AI or other digital technology to create a realistic but false depiction of a real individual's appearance, speech or conduct) to anyone in Maryland. Violations would have been a misdemeanor (fine up to $1,000, up to 1 year, or both). A hearing was set for February 11, 2025; it went no further and died when the session ended.
Relating To Publicity Rights.
Hawaii's House Bill 2607 (2026) would have amended the state's publicity-rights law, chapter 482P, by adding definitions of 'artificial intelligence' and 'artificial intelligence deepfake' and including AI deepfakes in the definition of a person's 'likeness'. The deepfake definition covers media entirely created by AI that would falsely appear authentic, or materially altered by AI. ECD deferred it February 6, 2026 and it was not enacted. It would have taken effect upon approval.
Relating To Education.
Hawaii's House Bill 2466 (2026) would have barred students from using electronic telecommunication devices during instructional hours from the 2026-2027 school year, with exceptions, and required the Department of Education to develop a K-12 social media and AI literacy curriculum covering deepfakes, AI-generated content and ways to detect it. The department would have had to report on both within three years. It was referred to committees February 2, 2026 and not enacted. It would have taken effect July 1, 2026.
Information Technology Act Amendments
Utah's SB 131 requires paid election communications that contain AI-generated synthetic media to carry set disclosures. Audio must say "Contains content generated by AI." at the beginning and end; visuals must show a set AI label throughout the synthetic portions; online versions must also carry embedded tamper-evident content provenance data. A court may impose a civil penalty of up to $1,000 per violation on the creator or sponsor. Judges and the parole board may treat committing or facilitating a crime with the intentional or knowing use and material assistance of AI as an aggravating factor. Signed March 13, 2024; effective May 1, 2024 (the sentencing provision July 1, 2024).
AN ACT relating to privacy protection.
Kentucky's HB 63 (2026 session) would have created a civil cause of action and a felony for disseminating a 'deep fake': realistic media that appears to show a person saying or doing something they did not, depends substantially on technical means, and lacks adequate labeling. A natural person who willfully and knowingly disseminated one without the depicted person's written consent would have been liable for damages, with a three-year limitation period; a criminal offense would have been a Class D felony. Referred to House Judiciary January 14, 2026; died when the session ended.
AN ACT relating to privacy protection.
Kentucky's HB 21 (2025 session) would have created a civil cause of action and a felony for disseminating a 'deep fake': realistic media appearing to show a person saying or doing something they did not, lacking adequate labeling and produced substantially by technical means. A natural person who willfully and knowingly disseminated one without the depicted person's express written consent would have been liable for damages, and certain disclosures with intent to harm would have been a Class D felony. Referred to committee February 4, 2025; died when the session ended.
Stop Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Deep Fake Media Act
West Virginia's SB 454 (2026 regular session) would have created the Stop Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Deep Fake Media Act (new W. Va. Code art. 61-3F), making it a crime to intentionally or knowingly distribute a deep fake of a person's face showing sexual conduct the person did not engage in, with intent to coerce, harass, intimidate or damage reputation, and without consent. Maximum prison terms would range from 90 days to 5 years. It was sent to Senate Judiciary on January 16, 2026 and died when the session ended March 14, 2026.
Stop Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Deep Fake Media Act
West Virginia's SB 170 (2025 regular session) would have created the Stop Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Deep Fake Media Act (new W. Va. Code art. 61-3F), making it a crime to intentionally or knowingly distribute a deep fake of a person's face showing sexual conduct the person did not engage in, with intent to coerce, harass, intimidate or damage reputation, and without consent. Maximum prison terms would range from 90 days to 5 years. It was sent to Senate Judiciary on February 12, 2025 and went no further.
Prohibiting the use of deep fake technology to influence an election
West Virginia's HB 4963 (2024 regular session, committee substitute) would have added Article 3F to Chapter 61 barring anyone from disseminating a deep fake, or agreeing to, within 90 days before an election, knowing or reasonably should know it is a deep fake, without the depicted person's consent and with intent to injure a candidate or influence the result. Maximum prison terms would range from 90 days to 5 years. It passed the House on February 27, 2024 and died in Senate Judiciary.
Stop Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Deep Fake Media Act
West Virginia's SB 720 (2024 regular session) would have created the Stop Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Deep Fake Media Act (new W. Va. Code art. 61-3D), making it a crime to intentionally or knowingly distribute a deep fake of a person's face showing sexual conduct the person did not engage in, with intent to coerce, harass, intimidate or damage reputation, and without consent. Maximum prison terms would range from 90 days to 5 years. It was sent to Senate Judiciary on February 8, 2024 and went no further.
Creating the protection against deep fakes act to provide a cause of action for damages arising from the use of generative artificial intelligence to create an image or likeness of another person without such person's consent for use in obscene material.
Not law. Kansas SB 525, the Protection Against Deep Fakes Act, would have let a person whose image or likeness is shown through synthetic media in published obscene material, without express written consent, sue the producer, promoter or intentional possessor. A plaintiff could recover actual damages, punitive damages equal to the defendant's revenue from the material, and attorney fees. It would not be a defense that the likeness was AI-generated and is not the person's actual image or likeness. It was referred to Senate Judiciary February 21, 2024 and died in committee April 30, 2024.
Deceptive and fraudulent deepfake media in elections
South Carolina's H. 4660 (2023-24) would have added Code 7-25-230 barring distribution, within ninety days of an election, of synthetic media the distributor knows or should know is a deceptive and fraudulent deepfake of a candidate on the ballot, unless it carries the disclosure 'This _____ (image, video, or audio) has been manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence.' A first violation would be a misdemeanor (up to 90 days, $500) and a second within five years a felony. Referred to House Judiciary January 9, 2024; it did not pass.
Relating to the unlawful production or distribution of sexually explicit images or videos using deep fake technology; increasing a criminal penalty.
Texas HB 1092 (2025), as introduced, would have made it an offense to knowingly produce or distribute by electronic means a deep fake image or video that appears to show a real person with intimate parts exposed or in sexual conduct, without that person's effective consent. It would have been a Class A misdemeanor, or a state jail felony if a depicted real child was younger than 14 when the depiction was created. It did not pass both chambers and died when the regular session adjourned June 2, 2025.
Relating to the unlawful production or distribution of sexually explicit images or videos using deep fake technology; increasing a criminal penalty.
Texas HB 387 (2025), as introduced, would have amended Penal Code Sec. 21.165 so that knowingly producing or distributing by electronic means a deep fake image or video that appears to show a real person with intimate parts exposed or in sexual conduct, without effective consent, is a state jail felony instead of a Class A misdemeanor. It did not pass both chambers and died when the regular session adjourned June 2, 2025.
Relating to the creation of certain explicit deep fake material; providing a private cause of action.
Texas HB 421 (2025), as engrossed, would have added Business & Commerce Code Chapter 121 requiring the owner of a deep fake generator (a website or app operating in Texas that lets users create deep fake material) to verify the age of the person apparently depicted, using a commercially reasonable method, and barring it from allowing explicit deep fake material of an adult without written consent or of anyone under 18. A depicted person, or a minor's parent or guardian, could have sued for actual damages, court costs, attorney's fees and possibly exemplary damages. It passed the House, its chamber of origin, but died when the regular session adjourned June 2, 2025.
A BILL for an Act to create and enact a new section to chapter 12.1-31 of the North Dakota Century Code, relating to prohibiting deepfake videos and images; and to provide a penalty.
North Dakota's HB 1320 (2025) would have created a new section of Century Code chapter 12.1-31 making it a class A misdemeanor to intentionally produce, possess, distribute, promote, advertise, sell, exhibit, broadcast or transmit a 'deepfake video or image' without the consent of the person shown. A deepfake was any video or audio recording, film, image or photograph digitally altered or created by AI with intent to deceive that depicts a person's image or voice in something that did not occur. The House defeated it 17-69 on January 21, 2025.
AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 2, Chapter 19, relative to the Transparency for Deepfakes in Political Advertising Act.
Tennessee's Transparency for Deepfakes in Political Advertising Act (Public Chapter 625) requires political ads that contain a deepfake of a candidate to say so. Audio impersonating a candidate must state at the start and end that it contains fake content; video must show a large notice for its full length. For non-incumbents, the rule covers ads distributed within 120 days before voting begins. Platforms, internet providers and paid broadcasters are not liable unless they created the deepfake. Depicted candidates can seek damages and equitable relief, and violations are a Class C misdemeanor. Effective July 1, 2026.
AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 2, Chapter 19, relative to the Transparency for Deepfakes in Political Advertising Act.
SB 1624 is the Senate companion of HB 1513, which became Tennessee Public Chapter 625 after the Senate passed the House bill in its place on March 12, 2026. The law requires political ads that contain a deepfake of a candidate to say so: audio must state at the start and end that it contains fake content, and video must show a large notice for its full length. For non-incumbents, it covers ads within 120 days before voting begins. Platforms and paid broadcasters are not liable unless they created the deepfake; violations are a Class C misdemeanor. Effective July 1, 2026.
Updates certain crimes to include nonconsensual pornographic deepfake threats and disclosure.
New Jersey's S3551 would amend the criminal invasion of privacy law to cover deepfake images. Recording an actual or deepfake image of a person's exposed intimate parts or sexual activity without consent would be a third-degree crime, and disclosing a deepfake of another person created in that way, knowing or with reckless disregard of lacking a license or privilege, would be a fourth-degree crime. Threatening to disclose such an image would count as criminal coercion. Introduced September 12, 2024. A bill of the Legislature's 2024-2025 session, which ended January 13, 2026.
Stop Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Deep Fake Media Act
West Virginia's HB 5548 (2026 regular session) would have created the Stop Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Deep Fake Media Act (new W. Va. Code art. 61-3F), making it a crime to intentionally or knowingly distribute a deep fake of a person's face showing sexual conduct the person did not engage in, with intent to coerce, harass, intimidate or damage reputation, and without consent. Maximum prison terms would range from 90 days to 5 years. It was referred to House Judiciary on February 16, 2026 and died when the session ended March 14, 2026.
Establishes Deepfake Technology Unit in DLPS; appropriates $2 million.
New Jersey's A2364 would have the Attorney General, consulting the State Chief Technology Officer, create a Deepfake Technology Unit in the Division of Criminal Justice to give technical help and training to law enforcement, prosecutors and State courts, and would appropriate $2,000,000 to the Department of Law and Public Safety. First Reprint, reported by the Assembly Science, Innovation and Technology Committee on March 4, 2024, with amendments. A bill of the Legislature's 2024-2025 session, which ended January 13, 2026.
Establishes Deep Fake Technology Unit in DLPS; appropriates $2 million.
New Jersey's S2545 would have the Attorney General, consulting the Chief Technology Officer of the Office of Information Technology, create a Deep Fake Technology Unit in the Division of Criminal Justice to give technical help and training to law enforcement, prosecutors and State courts, and would appropriate $2 million to the Department of Law and Public Safety. Introduced February 8, 2024. A bill of the Legislature's 2024-2025 session, which ended January 13, 2026.
Election communications; prohibition; deep fakes
Arizona's SB 1515 (2024) would have added A.R.S. 16-1023, barring distribution within ninety days before an election of a synthetic media message that the distributor knows or should know is a deceptive and fraudulent deepfake of a candidate or political party on the ballot, unless it carries the disclosure 'This [image/video/audio] has been manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence.' A depicted candidate could seek an injunction. It was held in Senate committees with no action and died with the 2023-24 (56th Legislature) session.
Deceptive and fraudulent deepfake media in elections
Not law. H 3517 would have barred anyone from distributing, within 90 days of an election, synthetic media they knew or should have known was a deceptive and fraudulent deepfake of a candidate on the ballot, unless it carried a disclosure that it was manipulated or generated by AI. Depicted candidates could have sought injunctions and damages; violations would have been a misdemeanor (up to 90 days or $500), and a felony for a repeat offense within five years. News coverage, paid broadcasters acting in good faith and satire were exempt. It never left the House Judiciary Committee before South Carolina's 2026 regular session ended.
Requires advertisements to disclose the use of a synthetic performer
New York requires advertisers to disclose when an ad contains a synthetic performer: a digital asset created or modified with generative AI or software to look like a human performer who is not any identifiable real person. Anyone who produces or creates an ad for goods or services, in any medium, must conspicuously disclose it if they actually know the synthetic performer is there. Penalties are $1,000 for a first violation and $5,000 for each later one. Audio ads, AI used only to translate a performer, and promos for films, shows or games that use the performer as the work does are exempt, as are the outlets that run ads. Signed December 11, 2025 (Chapter 617); effective June 9, 2026.
Election crime; create for dissemination of a deep fake within 90 days of an election.
Mississippi's HB 1689 (2024), as passed the House, would make it a crime to disseminate a deep fake that the person knows or has reason to know is a deep fake, within 90 days of an election, without the depicted individual's consent and with intent to injure a candidate, influence the result or deter anyone from voting. Penalties run up to one year and $5,000, or up to five years and $10,000 in aggravated cases. It passed the House on March 12, 2024 and died on the Senate calendar on April 10, 2024.
"Ensuring Likeness, Voice and Image Security (ELVIS) Act of 2025"; enact to expand protections against artificial intelligence deep fakes.
Mississippi's HB 768 (2025), the "Ensuring Likeness, Voice and Image Security (ELVIS) Act of 2025," would have given every individual, living or dead, a property right in the use of the individual's name, photograph, voice or likeness, with the stated purpose of expanding artificial intelligence protections. It would have created civil liability, including for distributing a tool that produces a particular person's voice or likeness without authorization, and a misdemeanor. It was referred to committee on January 16, 2025, and died in committee on February 4, 2025.
Artificial Intelligence Fraud and Accountability Act; enact.
Mississippi's SB 2354 (2026), the "Artificial Intelligence Fraud and Accountability Act," would have created a civil cause of action for anyone injured by use of AI systems (including deepfakes, voice cloning, generative tools, chatbots or automated decision-making systems) to deceive, impersonate or obtain money, property, data or other assets. It would have allowed the greater of compensatory damages or $500 per violation. It was referred to Judiciary, Division A on January 19, 2026, and died in committee on February 3, 2026.
COLLEGES/UNIVERSITIES: Provides for the crime of "unlawful deepfake" to be added to the definition of power-based violence under the Campus Accountability and Safety Act. (gov sig)
Louisiana's Act 497 widens the definition of power-based violence under the Campus Accountability and Safety Act to conduct meant to control, coerce, harm, exploit or intimidate someone on the basis of sex, including conduct banned by the state's laws on AI-generated or deepfake sexual imagery (R.S. 14:73.13 and 73.14). From fall 2026, each public college and university must give students information on power-based violence, campus safety and online threats at least four times a year, in person or online, and also to parents of minor students. Signed and effective May 29, 2026.
Political campaign advertisements; synthetic media, penalty.
Vetoed. Virginia's SB 775 (2025) would have barred sponsoring an electioneering communication (a paid message naming a candidate, aimed at voters within 60 days of the election) containing synthetic media, meaning deceptively altered or AI-generated images or audio of an identifiable person, unless it conspicuously stated that it contains synthetic media that may present conduct or speech that did not occur. Violations would have carried civil penalties up to $25,000 and, if willful, a Class 1 misdemeanor; voters could have sued to stop the ads. Governor Youngkin vetoed it (the Senate received the veto March 25, 2025), and the Senate sustained the veto April 2, 2025.
Criminal Offenses - As introduced, prohibits a person or entity from distributing an electoral deepfake within 90 days of an election that the person or entity knows or should have known is a deceptive and fraudulent depiction of a candidate or political party; creates civil penalties and outlines…
Tennessee's HB 2214 (114th General Assembly) would have barred a person, corporation, committee or other entity, within 90 days of an election, from distributing an electoral deepfake that it knows or should have known deceptively or fraudulently depicts a candidate for state or local office or the candidate's party, unless the media carries a required AI disclosure. County election commissions could impose civil fines of up to $1,000, $5,000 or $10,000. Companion: SB 2321. Not passed before the session ended in April 2026; last action: Taken off notice for cal in s/c Elections & Campaign Finance Subcommittee of State & Local Government Committee (March 10, 2026).
State Bar of California: artificial intelligence.
California's AB 1651 (Bus. & Prof. Code § 6060.15) requires the State Bar of California to disclose when it uses AI-generated content in material it develops or explicitly directs. Use in developing or administering the general bar exam, the first-year law students' exam or the attorneys' exam, including questions, performance tests, answer keys and scoring rubrics, must be posted on its website 60 days before the exam; use in study materials it prepares, publishes, endorses or distributes for applicants must be disclosed on the cover page. Human review does not remove the duty. Signed August 22, 2026 (Chapter 116); operative January 1, 2028.
Defending Democracy from Deepfake Deception Act of 2024.
California's AB 2655, the Defending Democracy from Deepfake Deception Act of 2024, requires large online platforms (1M+ California users) to remove reported deepfakes of candidates, elections officials and elected officials within 72 hours during set periods around elections and to label other reported deceptive election content; candidates, officials and prosecutors may seek injunctions. Signed September 17, 2024 (Chapter 261); effective January 1, 2025. In August 2025 a federal court held it preempted by Section 230 and barred the Attorney General and Secretary of State from enforcing it against X and Rumble; they later agreed not to enforce it against any platform. California appealed.
An Act To Amend Titles 10 And 11 Of The Delaware Code Relating To Deep Fakes.
Delaware's HB 353 (84 Del. Laws c. 479), the Amelia Kramer Act, extends Delaware's intimate-image laws to deep fakes, meaning realistic but false sexual images made with generative adversarial network techniques or other digital technology. An identifiable person harmed by the intentional disclosure or threatened disclosure of a deep fake without consent may sue for damages or statutory damages up to $10,000, the defendant's gains, punitive damages, fees and an injunction. The violation-of-privacy crime now covers deep fakes without proof of an expectation of privacy, and an adult creating a depiction of a minor is an aggravating factor. Signed and effective October 9, 2024.
Elections: deceptive media in advertisements.
California's AB 502 rewrites Elections Code § 20012 on deceptive election deepfakes. No one may, with malice, knowingly distribute an ad or election communication with materially deceptive content (intentionally digitally created or altered media, such as deepfakes, that falsely appears authentic) of a California candidate or elected official, if material to voters or to election confidence, in the 30 days before an election, or of an elections official or voting equipment from 30 days before to 38 days after. Recognizable satire is exempt. Those depicted, candidates, committees and elections officials may sue. Urgency statute signed September 19, 2026 (Chapter 333); effective immediately.
"AI Image Disclosure Act"; concerns disclosure of certain AI-generated content.
New Jersey's A 5089, the AI Image Disclosure Act (as introduced), would require a covered provider of a publicly accessible generative AI system to put a manifest (clear and conspicuous) and a latent (not visible or audible) disclosure in AI-generated images, video and audio. Social media platforms with at least five million account holders worldwide would have to label detected provenance data and could not strip it. Civil penalties would be $5,000 per violation. Introduced May 14, 2026 and referred to the Assembly Science, Innovation and Technology Committee; it has not passed either house.
Distribution Of Sensitive And Deepfake Images
New Mexico's HB 22 (2026) would have expanded the unauthorized-distribution-of-sensitive-images law (NMSA 30-37A-1) to cover 'sensitive deepfake images', meaning images created, altered or digitally manipulated to show a person's uncovered genitals, a woman's breast below the top of the areola, or an intimate act. It would also have made malicious threats to distribute such images a crime and created civil claims for libel, slander, invasion of privacy and emotional distress. It was referred to the House Pre-filed Committee (HPREF) on January 21, 2026, was not printed, and was postponed indefinitely (undated); the bill died.
Regards an individual's persona usage; prohibit certain deepfakes
Ohio's HB 185 would amend the right-of-publicity law (chapter 2741) on unauthorized use of an individual's persona, including a modified facsimile that a reasonable trier of fact would confuse with the individual, and add a new chapter 2742 on 'malicious deepfake recordings.' Without the depicted person's written consent, no person could produce a malicious deepfake recording to distribute, or offer to distribute one, and no one could recklessly distribute one, subject to exceptions. Introduced March 19, 2025; referred to committee March 26, 2025.
Elections: Voter Reg./legal Fund/comms
Alaska's HB 129 (2023-24) was a broad elections bill; its Senate version, SCS CSHB 129(FIN) am S, would have changed voter registration list maintenance and, per its title, addressed candidate legal funds, absentee and special needs voting, defamation claims based on synthetic media, and synthetic media in electioneering communications. The House passed it 33-6 on February 2, 2024 and the Senate passed its version 14-6 on May 15, 2024. It was never enacted and died when the 33rd Legislature's 2023-24 session ended.
Political communication; require to contain disclaimer if generated by artificial intelligence algorithms.
Mississippi's HB 1267 (2024) would require political communications generated in whole or in part by synthetic media using artificial intelligence algorithms to carry a clear and prominent disclaimer that they were generated using AI. It would add the same disclaimer duty for published campaign materials (Section 23-15-897) and for newspaper editorials or news stories generated by AI (Section 23-15-877). The bill text adds no penalty of its own for the new disclaimer duties. It died in committee on March 5, 2024.
To Prohibit Deceptive And Fraudulent Deepfakes In Election Communications.
Arkansas HB 1041 (2025), as engrossed, would have added Ark. Code § 7-6-106 to bar distributing, within 90 days before an election, synthetic media the person knows or should know is a deceptive and fraudulent deepfake of a candidate or party on the ballot, unless it carries a disclosure such as 'This content has been manipulated or artificially generated.' Depicted candidates could seek injunctions, and the State Board of Election Commissioners could fine violators up to $10,000, $5,000 or $1,000 depending on the case. It died in the House committee at sine die adjournment on May 5, 2025.
CONSUMER FRAUD-AI DISCLOSURE
Illinois's HB 4869 (103rd General Assembly) would have added Section 2EEEE to the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act. A person who, for a commercial purpose, makes, publishes or places an advertisement that the person knows or should have known contains synthetic media would have had to disclose that fact, and a violation would be an unlawful practice under the Act. Died at Session Sine Die on January 7, 2025.
Relating To Elections.
Hawaii's Senate Bill 2396 (2024) would have barred anyone from distributing, within 90 days before a primary or general election, a synthetic media message in an electioneering communication that the person knows or should have known is a deceptive and fraudulent deepfake of a candidate or party, unless it carries a disclosure that it was manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence. JDC deferred it February 9, 2024 and it died at the end of the 2023-2024 biennium.
PROVENANCE DATA REQUIREMENTS
Illinois's HB 4711 (104th General Assembly) would create the Provenance Data Requirements Act. A generative AI tool provider would have to apply provenance data, directly or through third-party technology, to wholly-generated synthetic content its tool produces, and the bill would set additional requirements for large online platforms (1,000,000 or more unique monthly users) and capture device manufacturers. Re-referred to the House Rules Committee March 27, 2026.
PROVENANCE DATA REQUIREMENTS
Illinois's SB 1929 (104th General Assembly) would create the Provenance Data Requirements Act. A generative AI tool provider would have to apply provenance data, directly or through third-party technology, to wholly generated synthetic content from its tool, and the bill would set further requirements for generative AI tool providers, large online platforms and capture device manufacturers. Last action: re-referred to Assignments April 11, 2025.
Artificial intelligence.
California's AB 3050 (2023-24, as introduced) would have required the Department of Technology to set watermark standards, including digital content provenance, for covered AI-generated material (material that impersonates a specific individual or group or is represented as original), and barred AI-generating entities from creating it without a compliant watermark, with a civil penalty of $250 to $500. It would also have made creators of deepfakes using a person's likeness without permission liable for actual damages. Introduced February 16, 2024 and referred to committee; it died when the session ended.
Political campaign advertisements; synthetic media, penalty.
Virginia's HB 982 (2026 Regular Session) would have barred electioneering communications containing synthetic media from being published or broadcast without a conspicuous statement that the message may present conduct or speech that did not occur, with a civil penalty up to $25,000, a Class 1 misdemeanor for willful violations, and voter injunction suits. Left in committee on February 18, 2026; it failed.
Synthetic media; use in furtherance of crimes involving fraud, etc., report.
Virginia's HB 697 (2024 Regular Session) would have made it a Class 1 misdemeanor to use synthetic media to commit a criminal offense involving fraud, let the person depicted sue for actual damages and attorney fees, and had the Attorney General convene a work group on deepfake enforcement. It passed the House 98-0 but was continued to 2025 in Senate committee on February 19, 2024; it failed.
Artificial Intelligence Transparency Act; established.
Virginia's SB 1161 (2025 Regular Session) would have created the Artificial Intelligence Transparency Act, requiring developers of generative AI systems that produce audio, images, text or video to include a clear and conspicuous disclosure on AI-generated content and to prevent downstream use without it. Passed by indefinitely in committee on January 24, 2025; it failed.
Criminal Offenses - As introduced, prohibits a person or entity from distributing an electoral deepfake within 90 days of an election that the person or entity knows or should have known is a deceptive and fraudulent depiction of a candidate or political party; creates civil penalties and outlines…
Tennessee's SB 2321 (114th General Assembly) would have barred a person, corporation, committee or other entity, within 90 days of an election, from distributing an electoral deepfake that it knows or should have known deceptively or fraudulently depicts a candidate for state or local office or the candidate's party, unless the media carries a required AI disclosure. County election commissions could impose civil fines of up to $1,000, $5,000 or $10,000. Companion: HB 2214. Not passed before the session ended in April 2026; last action: Passed on Second Consideration, refer to Senate State and Local Government Committee (February 5, 2026).
AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 2; Title 4; Title 8; Title 38; Title 39 and Title 47, Chapter 18, relative to synthetic media.
Tennessee's HB 2340 (113th General Assembly) would have let a person whose appearance, action, or speech is altered by synthetic media (made with AI or other digital technology), in a public communication knowingly distributed with intent to mislead the public and damage reputation, sue the publisher for an injunction and damages. Per the official summary, a disclosure that the media was manipulated would be an affirmative defense. Companion to SB 2460. Last action March 19, 2024; the bill never passed and died with the session.
AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 2; Title 4; Title 8; Title 38; Title 39 and Title 47, Chapter 18, relative to synthetic media.
Tennessee's SB 2460 (113th General Assembly) would have let a person whose appearance, action, or speech is altered by synthetic media (made with AI or other digital technology), in a public communication knowingly distributed with intent to mislead the public and damage reputation, sue the publisher for an injunction and damages. Per the official summary, a disclosure that the media was manipulated would be an affirmative defense. Companion to HB 2340. Last action March 13, 2024; the bill never passed and died with the session.
Commerce and trade; require that AI generated content include a disclaimer indicating such content was generated using artificial intelligence
Georgia's HB 478 would add Code section 10-1-393.20 to the Fair Business Practices Act. On or after July 1, 2025, any individual disseminating AI-generated video, audio or still images to facilitate commerce or trade would have to ensure the content discloses that artificial intelligence made all or part of it, in a specified readable or audible form, and omitting the disclosure would be unlawful, each item being a separate violation. The bill reached House Second Readers on February 20, 2025 and died when the session ended.
Creates regulations of artificially generated online content using artificial intelligence
Missouri's SB 1324 (Missouri Artificial Intelligence Transparency and Accountability Act) would require anyone creating AI-generated content for public consumption to label it "AI-generated", add a disclaimer and obtain consent for content depicting a real person (except parody or satire), and require developers and deployers to keep usage logs for seven years. The attorney general would enforce it with civil penalties. The Senate General Laws Committee voted do pass on March 25, 2026, but the bill died when the 2026 regular session ended in May 2026 without being truly agreed to and finally passed.
Creates provisions relating to synthetic media
Missouri's SB 1183 would add section 115.645 to bar a creator who uses AI or other digital technology from distributing, within eighteen weeks of an election, synthetic media the creator knows or should have known is a deceptive and fraudulent deepfake, unless it carries the disclosure "This [image/video/audio] has been manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence." Violations would carry misdemeanor or felony penalties and civil penalties. Referred to the Senate General Laws Committee January 27, 2026; the bill died when the 2026 regular session ended in May 2026 without being truly agreed to and finally passed.
Artificial intelligence; prohibiting distribution of certain media and requiring certain disclosures. Effective date.
Oklahoma's SB 894 (Senate floor version) would bar any person or entity, within 90 days of an election, from creating or originally distributing synthetic media it has actual knowledge is a deepfake of a candidate or political party on the ballot, unless the media carries the disclosure "This ___ (image, audio, or video) has been manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence." The State Election Board could impose fines of up to $10,000, $5,000 or $1,000. The Senate committee reported it do pass as amended; it was placed on General Order and died when the 2026 legislative session ended on May 14, 2026 without passing.
Relative to civil actions regarding the prohibited use of synthetic media.
New Hampshire's HB 1710-FN would have created a civil action over misleading synthetic media (media made or modified with AI algorithms): distributing it of an identifiable person without consent, without a conspicuous notice, and with intent to mislead. It would also have required political communications that include synthetic media to carry an AI-assistance disclosure. The House found it Inexpedient to Legislate February 1, 2024; it is dead.
Protecting kids from deepfakes and exploitative images.
Wyoming's AI deepfake and child-protection law (Chapter 91, Session Laws of 2026, effective July 1, 2026). It makes it a felony to knowingly distribute realistic AI-generated or digitally altered intimate images of an identifiable person without consent when it causes or is meant to cause harm, or to threaten to do so for gain (up to 10 years; 12 for a repeat offense). Using AI to create child sexual abuse material, or knowingly possessing AI-generated material, is sexual exploitation of a child. Building or distributing AI systems designed to produce such material or to promote self-harm is a felony, and using AI is no defense to any crime.
Regarding The Ownership Of Model Training And Content Generated By A Generative Artificial Intelligence Tool.
Arkansas Act 927 of 2025 sets who owns what a generative AI tool produces. The person who provides the input owns the generated content, as long as it doesn't infringe existing copyrights or other intellectual property, and owns a model trained with the tool if the training data was lawfully acquired and ownership hasn't been transferred by contract. When an employee uses the tool within the scope of employment and under the employer's direction and control, the employer owns the result. Approved April 21, 2025; effective August 5, 2025.
Representations depicting nudity and providing a penalty.
2025 Wisconsin Act 34 adds deepfake intimate images to the state's representations-depicting-nudity law (s. 942.09). A "synthetic intimate representation" is a representation generated using technological means that uses an identifiable person's face, likeness or other distinguishing characteristics to depict them intimately and is realistic enough that a reasonable person would believe it shows that person. Posting, publishing, distributing or exhibiting one with intent to coerce, harass or intimidate is a crime under s. 942.09, and making a reproduction of a private representation without consent is also covered. It took effect the day after publication (Oct. 3, 2025).
AN ACT RELATING TO ELECTIONS; AMENDING AND ENACTING SECTIONS OF THE CAMPAIGN REPORTING ACT BY ADDING DISCLAIMER REQUIREMENTS FOR ADVERTISEMENTS CONTAINING MATERIALLY DECEPTIVE MEDIA; CREATING THE CRIME OF DISTRIBUTING OR ENTERING INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH ANOTHER PERSON TO DISTRIBUTE MATERIALLY DECEPTIVE MEDIA; ADDING DEFINITIONS; PROVIDING PENALTIES.
New Mexico's HB 182 (Laws 2024, Chapter 57) amends the Campaign Reporting Act to address AI deepfakes. Campaign ads containing materially deceptive media (an image, video or audio produced in whole or in part with AI that shows someone saying or doing something they did not, published without consent) must carry the disclaimer "This ____ has been manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence." Knowingly distributing such media without the disclaimer within 90 days before an election to mislead voters is a crime: a misdemeanor, then a fourth degree felony. The act states no effective date.
An Act to revise a provision related to criminal invasions of privacy, prohibit the creation and distribution of digitally fabricated material of an identifiable individual, and provide penalties therefor.
South Dakota's 2026 SB 41 amends the invasion-of-privacy law (SDCL 22-21-4) to cover deepfake intimate images. Knowingly and intentionally creating, disclosing, distributing or selling, without the person's consent and with intent to gratify, harass or cause harm, digitally fabricated material showing an identifiable person nude or engaged in sexual conduct is a Class 5 felony. Digitally fabricated material is a visual depiction that appears authentic but is adapted, generated or modified to falsely depict a person's appearance, conduct or voice.
Disclosures regarding content generated by artificial intelligence in political advertisements, granting rule-making authority, and providing a penalty.
2023 Wisconsin Act 123 requires AI disclosures in political communications. Audio or video containing express advocacy, issue advocacy or support for or opposition to a referendum that contains synthetic media (audio or video substantially produced by generative AI) must say so: audio states "Contains content generated by AI" at the beginning and end, and video displays a disclosure such as "This video content generated by AI." Violations carry a forfeiture of up to $1,000 each. It took effect the day after publication (published March 22, 2024).
An Act Concerning Unlawful Dissemination Of Intimate Images That Are Digitally Altered Or Created Through The Use Of Artificial Intelligence.
Connecticut's HB 5045 (2025) was a proposed bill to amend titles 53 and 53a of the general statutes to criminalize the unauthorized creation and distribution of digitally manipulated intimate images, with a statement of purpose to criminalize nonconsensual creation and dissemination of "deep fake" pornography. The proposal has no detailed statutory text. It was referred to the Joint Committee on Judiciary on January 8, 2025 and died in committee when the 2025 session ended.
Relating To Deepfakes.
Hawaii's SB 1156 would have made it a misdemeanor to knowingly, and without the depicted person's consent, create or distribute a deepfake showing an individual nude or engaging in sexual conduct. The Senate committee on LBT deferred it February 7, 2025, it was carried over to the 2026 session with no further action, and it did not pass.
Extends crime of identity theft to include fraudulent impersonation or false depiction by means of artificial intelligence or deepfake technology.
S 329 would expand New Jersey's identity theft crime to cover falsely depicting someone with a deepfake to gain a benefit or to injure or defraud them. A deepfake here is AI-generated or manipulated audio, video, speech or text that a reasonable person would believe shows the person, made without consent and likely to cause harm. Penalties would scale with the number of victims, from a fourth-degree crime (up to 18 months) for one victim to a second-degree crime (5 to 10 years) for five or more. Courts could order the deepfake destroyed and a public retraction at the defendant's expense. Pending in the Senate Judiciary Committee.
Requires synthetic content creations system providers to include provenance data on certain content made available by the provider
Passed both houses; awaiting delivery to the Governor. S 6954-B, the Stop Deepfakes Act, would require providers of publicly available generative AI systems to attach provenance data (content credentials such as the C2PA standard) to AI-generated or AI-modified images, audio and video, identifying it as synthetic, the provider and when it was made. Hosting platforms could not knowingly offer systems that don't. Large online platforms would have to keep provenance data and show it to users, and state agencies would label their own media. The Attorney General could seek injunctions and fines up to $25,000 per violation. Effective 180 days after signing.
Preventing Deep Fake Scams Act
The federal H.R. 1734 (Preventing Deep Fake Scams Act) would create a Task Force on Artificial Intelligence in the Financial Services Sector, chaired by the Treasury Secretary, to report to Congress within 1 year of enactment on how banks and credit unions protect themselves and consumers from fraud using AI, AI risks from bad actors, best practices and recommendations. Introduced February 27, 2025 and referred to the House Financial Services Committee; no further action.
Establishes disclosure requirements for AI-generated or materially AI-altered media depicting historically recognized human disasters when such media is publicly distributed; requires platform operators to allow the use of labelling; provides for enforcement by the attorney general.
New York's A 10047 would add General Business Law Article 47-A (§§ 1710-1716) requiring a person who distributes AI-generated content depicting a “historically recognized human disaster” that the person knows is materially deceptive media to label it “THIS (IMAGE, VIDEO, OR AUDIO) HAS BEEN MANIPULATED.” Platforms would have to allow labeling tools. The Attorney General could seek civil penalties up to $15,000 per day per violation. Referred to Consumer Affairs and Protection January 30, 2026; it has not passed either chamber.
Prohibits the creation and dissemination of synthetic media within sixty days of an election with intent to unduly influence the outcome of an election
New York's A 6491 would add Election Law § 17-172, making it a class E felony to create, with "intent to injure a candidate or unduly influence the outcome of an election," synthetic media (realistic AI-manipulated or artificial images, video or audio of a scenario that did not occur) and disseminate or publish it within sixty days of an election. Exemptions cover commentary, parody, news, consent of all persons depicted, and initial dissemination by platforms. Would take effect on the 30th day after it becomes law. Introduced March 5, 2025 and referred to the Election Law Committee (again January 7, 2026); it has not passed either chamber.
Requires advertisements to disclose the use of a synthetic performer; imposes a $1,000 civil penalty for a first violation and a $5,000 penalty for any subsequent violation.
New York's S 1228-C would amend General Business Law section 396-b. A person in the business of dealing in property or services who, for a commercial purpose and with actual knowledge, places an advertisement in any medium featuring a synthetic performer would have to conspicuously disclose it in the ad, with a civil penalty of $1,000 for a first violation and $5,000 for each subsequent one. Ads for expressive works such as films, TV and video games are exempt if the use matches the work. Referred to Consumer Protection January 7, 2026; it has not passed either chamber.
Relating to regulation of the use of artificial intelligence systems in this state; providing civil penalties.
Texas's HB 149, the Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act, bars developing or deploying AI intended to incite self-harm, harm to others or crime, with intent to unlawfully discriminate against a protected class (disparate impact alone is not enough), or solely to infringe U.S. constitutional rights, and making or distributing AI solely to produce or spread child pornography or unlawful sexual deep fakes. Government entities may not use AI for harmful social scoring or rights-infringing biometric ID. Agencies must tell consumers they are dealing with AI; health care providers must tell patients. AG enforcement; 60-day cure. Signed June 22, 2025; effective January 1, 2026.
Relating to criminal and civil liability related to sexually explicit media and artificial intimate visual material; creating a criminal offense; increasing a criminal penalty.
Texas's SB 441 widens the Penal Code § 21.165 crime from deep fake videos to any deep fake media made or altered with AI or other technological means. Knowingly producing or distributing sexually explicit deep fake media of a person without signed written consent is a Class A misdemeanor, or a third-degree felony for a repeat offense or a depicted minor. Intentionally threatening to produce or distribute deep fake media to coerce, extort, harass or intimidate is a new offense. It adds civil liability for AI intimate images, including against nudification app owners, and requires websites and apps to honor removal requests within 72 hours. Signed June 20, 2025; effective September 1, 2025.
Relating to user reports of explicit deep fake material on social media platforms.
Texas's HB 3133 adds explicit deep fake material to the complaint system that large social media platforms (over 50 million monthly active U.S. users) must run under Business & Commerce Code Chapter 120. On notice of explicit deep fake material, a platform must immediately confirm to the user that it is aware of it, remove it and known identical copies, and update the user in writing within seven days; if it finds the content is explicit deep fake material, it must take measures to stop it being reposted. Platforms must post a plain-language notice of the process. Any Chapter 120 violation is now a deceptive trade practice. Signed June 20, 2025; effective September 1, 2025.
Requires certain political communications to include provenance data for all audios, images or videos used in such communications; provides for the repeal of certain provisions upon the expiration thereof.
New York's S 7963 would add subdivision 8 to Election Law § 14-106 (the "election content accountability act"). Starting with the 2030 election cycle, campaigns for Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General or Comptroller would have to apply provenance data to political communications that are or include images or videos, showing the generating device or service, synthetic portions, any AI use and the date. The Attorney General could assess up to $100,000 per violation. Advanced to third reading March 5, 2026 and committed to Rules June 5, 2026; it has not passed either chamber.
Relates to requiring disclosure of use of generative artificial intelligence in a civil action
New York's S 9794 would add Civil Practice Law and Rules rule 2107 and amend rule 5528. A paper or file served that was drafted with generative AI assistance would need a separate affidavit disclosing the AI use and certifying that a human reviewed the source material and verified the AI-generated content's accuracy. An appellant's brief would carry the same disclosure and certification where rule 2107 requires it. Committed to Rules June 5, 2026; it has not passed either chamber.
Artificial intelligence; disclosure of artificial intelligence-generated content required, enforcement provided
Alabama's SB 129 would require developers of generative AI systems that produce images, video or audiovisual content to include a clear, conspicuous and unavoidable disclosure that the content is AI-generated, plus metadata naming the tool and creation time, and to take reasonable steps to stop licensees and end users removing it. Violations would be unlawful trade practices with a private right of action. Referred to Senate Judiciary January 13, 2026; the bill died when the 2026 regular session ended without final passage.
Ai, Deepfakes, Cybersecurity, Data Xfers
Alaska's SB 2 (2025-26) would have required a disclosure statement on election-related communications that include a deepfake, set rules for state agency use of generative AI in consequential decisions (inventory, impact assessments, notice, consent, appeal, and bans on some uses), and addressed transfers of data about individuals between state agencies. It was heard and held in Senate State Affairs on April 29, 2025 and died May 20, 2026.
Secretary of Government Operations: deepfakes.
California's SB 1216 added Government Code § 11547.5. It directed the Secretary of Government Operations to evaluate, upon appropriation by the Legislature, the impact and risks of deepfakes and digital content forgery for government, California businesses and residents, including privacy and effects on voters, and to develop a coordinated plan on standards and tools for digital content provenance. A report to the Legislature with the plan was due October 1, 2024. The section was repealed by its own terms on January 1, 2025, so it is no longer in effect. Signed September 30, 2022 (Chapter 885); effective January 1, 2023.
Prohibiting the use of generative artificial intelligence to create false representations of candidates in election campaign media or of state officials.
Not law. Kansas SB 375 would have barred using synthetic media, meaning realistic but false images, audio or video made with generative AI or other digital technology, in election campaign communications to alter a candidate's appearance, action or speech, and in any communication to alter that of an elected or appointed state official. Violations would have been class C misdemeanors. Including the statement 'This (image/video/audio) has been manipulated' would have been an affirmative defense. It had a Senate Federal and State Affairs hearing February 8, 2024 and died in committee April 30, 2024.
Synthetic Media: Liability; Elections
Alaska's SB 33 (2025-26) would have made a defamation action based on synthetic media a claim for defamation per se and barred a person from knowingly using synthetic media in an electioneering communication with intent to influence an election. A harmed individual could sue for damages, attorney fees and costs or seek an injunction. It was heard and held in Senate State Affairs on April 29, 2025 and died when the session ended May 20, 2026.
Candidate Election Deepfake Disclosures
Colorado's HB 24-1147 bars anyone from distributing a communication about a candidate (including federal candidates and incumbents) with a deepfake to the candidate's electorate in the 60 days before a primary or 90 before a general election, if they know or recklessly disregard that the candidate did not say or do what is shown, unless it clearly states: "This (image/audio/video/multimedia) has been edited and depicts speech or conduct that falsely appears to be authentic or truthful." Secretary of State complaints bring civil penalties; candidates may sue for injunctions and damages. Qualifying news, satire and parody are exempt. Signed May 24, 2024 (Chapter 250); effective July 1, 2024.
Elections policy and finance bill (Laws 2024, chapter 112), including article 2, sections 63-64 and 76-78 amending the election deep fake crime (Minn. Stat. 609.771)
Minnesota's 2024 elections omnibus (Laws 2024, chapter 112) rewrites parts of the 2023 election deep fake crime, Minn. Stat. 609.771. Under article 2, section 76, disseminating a deep fake of a candidate without consent to injure the candidate or influence an election is a crime if done with knowledge or reckless disregard that it is a deep fake, within 90 days before a party nominating convention or after absentee voting begins; broadcasters required by federal law to air a candidate's ad are exempt. Sections 63-64 and 77 require a convicted candidate to forfeit the nomination or office and bar appointment to it, and section 78 revises who may seek injunctive relief.
Omnibus Public Safety policy bill (Laws 2026, chapter 97), including article 3, section 3 adding forged digital likenesses to the identity theft statute (Minn. Stat. 609.527)
Minnesota's Laws 2026, chapter 97 (public safety policy) brings deepfakes into identity theft law. Article 3, section 3 amends Minn. Stat. 609.527, subd. 1 to define a "forged digital likeness": a recording, image or photograph (or a technological representation derived from one) created or altered in a way that depends substantially on technical means, that misrepresents a person's appearance, speech or conduct and is realistic enough that a reasonable person would believe it depicts the actual individual. A forged digital likeness is added to the definition of identity, so using one with intent to commit an unlawful act falls under identity theft. The rest of the act is not AI-related.
Prohibiting the knowing distribution of a forged digital likeness.
Washington's Chapter 51, Laws of 2025 (SHB 1205) adds deepfakes to criminal impersonation. A forged digital likeness is a visual representation or audio recording of a real, identifiable person that is digitally created or altered to be indistinguishable from a genuine one, misrepresents their appearance, speech or conduct, and is likely to deceive (RCW 9A.60.010). Knowingly distributing one as genuine with intent to defraud, harass, threaten or intimidate, or for another unlawful purpose, is criminal impersonation in the second degree (RCW 9A.60.045), a gross misdemeanor. Newsworthy, political, artistic, satire and parody uses are exempt.
Criminal procedure: sentencing guidelines; sentencing guidelines for certain election law offenses involving materially deceptive media and intimidating an election official; provide for.
Michigan's Public Act 266 of 2023 amends the sentencing guidelines in the Code of Criminal Procedure (MCL 777.11d) to list MCL 168.932f, distributing or agreeing to distribute materially deceptive media (AI-generated election deepfakes) as a subsequent offense, as a Class E public-trust felony with a 5-year statutory maximum. It took effect only with HB 5144 (Public Act 265 of 2023), which created the offense. Effective February 13, 2024.
An act to impose civil liability and prescribe criminal penalties for the nonconsensual creation or dissemination of deep fake sexual images; and to provide for remedies.
Michigan's Public Act 11 of 2025, the protection from intimate deep fakes act, covers deep fakes: realistic images, video or audio whose production depends substantially on technical means rather than impersonation. A person shown in a deep fake depicting their intimate parts or a sexual act may sue whoever created or disseminated it without consent, if the defendant knew or should have known it would cause harm or acted to harass, extort or threaten. Intentionally creating or disseminating such a deep fake is a misdemeanor, or a felony with aggravating factors. Platforms and general-purpose tool providers are exempt. Effective August 26, 2025.
Criminal procedure: sentencing guidelines; guidelines for dissemination of deep fake sexual images; enact.
Michigan's Public Act 12 of 2025 amends the sentencing guidelines in the Code of Criminal Procedure (MCL 777.17b) to list MCL 752.388(3), the felony form of creating or disseminating an intimate deep fake under the protection from intimate deep fakes act, as a Class F offense against a person with a 3-year statutory maximum. It took effect only with HB 4047 (Public Act 11 of 2025). Effective August 26, 2025.
An Act to amend Part 3 of Article 3 of Chapter 11 of Title 16 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, relating to invasion of privacy, so as to revise the prohibition on electronically transmitting or posting nude or sexually explicit photographs or videos for purposes of harassing the depicted person; to provide for an increased penalty for the electronic transmission or posting to a web page that is accessible to the general public; to provide for related matters; to repeal conflicting laws; and for other purposes.
Georgia's SB 78 toughens the law against sharing nude or sexually explicit images of an adult without consent, including falsely created videos or still images such as deepfakes. Under the revised O.C.G.A. 16-11-90, posting such an image to harass the person or cause them financial loss is a felony (1 to 5 years, up to $100,000) when it is sent to a website that advertises or promotes sexually explicit content. Sharing by other electronic means stays a high and aggravated misdemeanor for a first offense and becomes a felony for repeat offenses. The law keeps the exemption for platforms hosting content posted by others.
Removal of Altered Sexual Depictions Posted without Consent
Florida's CS/CS/HB 1161 (Chapter 2025-133), Brooke's Law, amends s. 836.13, F.S. Covered platforms (sites, services or apps that mainly host user content, or regularly make nonconsensual altered sexual depictions available) had to set up by December 31, 2025 a process for people to request removal of sexual deepfakes of them posted without consent. Within 48 hours of a valid request the platform must remove the content and make reasonable efforts to remove identical copies, and it must post plain-language notice of the process. Good-faith removals are immune; unreasonable noncompliance is a FDUTPA violation. Effective June 10, 2025.
candidates; digital impersonation; injunctive relief (now: digital impersonation; injunctive relief; requirements)
Arizona's HB 2394 (Laws 2024, Ch. 193) adds A.R.S. 16-1023. A candidate on a state ballot, or any Arizona resident, may sue a person who publishes a "digital impersonation" of them without consent: synthetic video, audio or image made with deep generative or AI methods to deceive viewers into thinking it is authentic. The main remedy is declaratory relief on an expedited schedule. Injunctive relief and damages are limited to sexual or nude content of private figures. Parody, satire and commentary are excluded, and interactive computer services are protected. The act carried an emergency clause, and the section applies 14 days after its effective date.
An Act relating to harassment by the dissemination, publishing, distribution, or posting of a visual depiction showing another person in a state of full or partial nudity or engaged in a sex act that has been altered to falsely depict another person, and making penalties applicable.
Iowa's 2024 Acts chapter 1065 (HF 2240) covers sexual deepfakes under the harassment law. Iowa Code 708.7(1)(a)(5) makes it harassment to disseminate, publish, distribute or post a visual depiction of another person in full or partial nudity or engaged in a sex act without that person's consent. "Another person" now includes an individual, recognizable by face, likeness or other distinguishing features, whose image is used to create, adapt or modify a visual depiction to depict them that way. The act does not name AI but reaches fabricated images of real people. The offense is first-degree harassment (an aggravated misdemeanor), and offenders 18 or older must register as sex offenders.
AN ACT to amend and reenact subsection 13 of section 12.1-27.1-01 and section 12.1-27.1-03.3 of the North Dakota Century Code, relating to sexually expressive images; and to provide a penalty.
North Dakota HB 1351 (2025) updates the law on sexually expressive images so it covers deepfakes. The definition in N.D.C.C. 12.1-27.1-01 now includes a "real, altered, or computer-generated" photograph or visual representation showing nudity or sexual conduct. Creating such an image surreptitiously, or distributing it to harm or humiliate or after notice that the subject does not consent, is a class A misdemeanor, and knowingly distributing an acquired image created without consent is a class B misdemeanor. A depicted person may sue for damages and attorney fees.
An act relating to a temporary moratorium on AI data centers and a report on the construction and operation of AI data centers in Vermont
Vermont's S.205 (2025-2026 biennium) would have barred any person from operating an AI data center, or starting site preparation or construction of one, in Vermont before July 1, 2030. An AI data center is a facility requiring more than 100 megawatts of new load for AI inference, training, simulation or synthetic data generation. The Public Utility Commission would have investigated and reported by January 15, 2027. It was referred to Senate Finance on January 6, 2026 and died when the biennium ended.
Ai, Deepfakes, Cybersecurity, Data Xfers
Alaska's SB 177 (2023-24), as the Senate State Affairs committee substitute CSSB 177(STA), would have required a disclosure statement on election-related communications that include a deepfake, set rules for state agency use of generative AI for consequential decisions, and addressed transfers of data about individuals between state agencies. Senate State Affairs reported it April 23-24, 2024 and it was referred to Judiciary; it died when the 33rd Legislature's session ended.
Digital Content Authenticity and Transparency Act; established, civil penalty.
Virginia's SB 1417 (2025 Regular Session) would have created the Digital Content Authenticity and Transparency Act, requiring generative AI developers to apply provenance data to synthetic content and offer a public provenance tool and reader, with Attorney General enforcement and civil penalties. Passed by indefinitely in committee on January 24, 2025; it failed.
Digitizations; create a criminal penalty for the wrongful dissemination of.
Mississippi's SB 2577 (Chapter 467, Laws of 2024) creates a crime of wrongful dissemination of digitizations: realistic images or audio altered or created with software, machine learning, AI or other computer-generated means (deepfakes) that a reasonable person would believe show real speech or conduct. Knowingly disseminating one within 90 days of an election, without consent and to injure a candidate, influence the result or deter voting, carries up to one year and $5,000, or up to five years and $10,000 if meant to incite violence or after a prior conviction. Officials, the depicted person, candidates and parties may seek injunctions. Effective July 1, 2024.
An act relating to miscellaneous judiciary procedures
Vermont's H.878 (Act 161 of 2024) is a judiciary omnibus. Its Sec. 45 amends 13 V.S.A. 2606, the crime of disclosing sexually explicit images without consent, so that a visual image includes a digital reproduction created or altered by digitization. Digitization means altering an image in a realistic manner using images of the person, images of other people or computer-generated images. Knowingly disclosing such an image of an identifiable person who is nude or engaged in sexual conduct, without consent and with intent to harm, harass, intimidate, threaten or coerce, is therefore a crime even when the image is a deepfake. The act took effect on passage; the Governor signed it June 6, 2024.
Criminalizes deepfakes involving minors and defines the rights to digital image and likeness.
Louisiana's SB 175 (Act 457 of 2023) adds R.S. 14:73.13, the crime of unlawful deepfakes. Creating or possessing material that uses deepfake technology to depict a minor engaging in sexual conduct is punishable by 5 to 20 years at hard labor (five without parole) or a fine up to $10,000, or both. Advertising, distributing, exhibiting, exchanging, promoting or selling sexually explicit deepfake material of a person without consent is punishable by 10 to 30 years or a $50,000 fine, or both, with at least 10 years served if a minor is depicted. Newsworthy, satirical and clearly disclosed works are excluded. Effective August 1, 2023.
Crimes & Offenses, raises max. age for offenses involving obscene materials with depictions of children, authorizes punitive damages for victims of those offenses, and directs Board of Ed. to require policies related to those offenses
Alabama's HB 168 (Act 2024-98), the Alabama Child Protection Act of 2024, extends the state's child sexual abuse material crimes to AI-generated content. CSAM now includes any visual depiction of a person under 18 engaged in sexually explicit conduct, including a virtually indistinguishable depiction created, altered or produced by digital, computer-generated or other means. Advertising, distributing or soliciting even purported CSAM is a Class B felony, each depiction is a separate offense, depicted individuals may sue, and school boards must adopt related policies. Effective October 1, 2024.
DIGITAL FORGERIES ACT
The enacted version of HB 2123 amends the Civil Remedies for Nonconsensual Dissemination of Private Sexual Images Act (740 ILCS 190). "Sexual image" now covers images that falsely appear to show a person's intimate parts or sexual activity, and a depicted person can sue anyone who disseminates, or threatens to disseminate, an intentionally digitally altered sexual image of them. Liability also reaches reckless disregard of whether the person consented. Disclosing that an image was digitally altered is not a defense. Effective January 1, 2024.
Establishes the right of publicity and provides for a private right of action for unlawful dissemination or publication of a sexually explicit depiction of an individual
Chapter 304 of 2020 adds Civil Rights Law 50-f, a post-mortem right of publicity. Using a deceased performer's digital replica (a realistic computer-generated performance) in a scripted audiovisual work or live musical performance without the rights holder's consent creates liability of at least $2,000, unless a conspicuous disclaimer says the use was not authorized. It also adds section 52-c, a civil action for a person depicted through digitization (realistic computer-generated or altered nude images or sexual conduct) against anyone who disseminates the material without consent. Effective on the 180th day after it became law.
Elections: deceptive audio or visual media.
AB 730 amended Elections Code 20010 and Code of Civil Procedure 35 to address election deepfakes. Until January 1, 2023 (later extended), no person or committee may distribute, with actual malice, materially deceptive audio or visual media of a candidate within 60 days of an election to injure the candidate's reputation or deceive voters. Such media is an image, audio or video intentionally manipulated so it would falsely appear authentic. Media disclosing that it has been manipulated is allowed, and the depicted candidate may seek an injunction and damages.
Elections: deceptive audio or visual media.
AB 972 amended Elections Code Section 20010 and Code of Civil Procedure Section 35 to extend the 2019 election deepfake law (AB 730), which was set to expire January 1, 2023, to January 1, 2027. The extended provisions prohibit distributing, with actual malice and within 60 days of an election, materially deceptive audio or visual media of a candidate intended to injure the candidate or deceive voters, unless the media discloses it has been manipulated. Depicted candidates keep the right to seek injunctive relief and damages, with such cases given calendar precedence.
Crimes: distribution of intimate images.
SB 926 amended Penal Code Section 647 (disorderly conduct). It makes it a crime for a person 18 or older to intentionally create and distribute any photo realistic, digital, electronic, computer, or computer-generated image of an intimate body part or sexual act of another identifiable person, created so a reasonable person would believe it is authentic, when the distributor knows or should know distribution will cause serious emotional distress and the person depicted suffers that distress. This extends the existing revenge porn offense to synthetic and AI-generated intimate images.
Artificial intelligence.
AB 2885 amended Business and Professions Code Section 22675, Education Code Section 75002, and Government Code Sections 11546.45.5, 11547.5, and 53083.1 to use a single definition of artificial intelligence: an engineered or machine-based system that varies in its level of autonomy and that can, for explicit or implicit objectives, infer from the input it receives how to generate outputs that can influence physical or virtual environments. The amended provisions include the state's high-risk automated decision system inventory and deepfake-related government provisions.
Health curriculum framework: human trafficking and online safety.
AB 1766 added Education Code Section 33546.5. When the health curriculum framework is next revised on or after January 1, 2027, the Instructional Quality Commission must consider including content on human trafficking and online safety, including how to stay safe from sexually exploitative materials and deepfakes online and foundational digital citizenship skills. The Department of Education must also maintain related information and recommended educator training on its website.
Relating to the creation of a criminal offense for fabricating a deceptive video with intent to influence the outcome of an election.
Texas SB 751 (2019) was one of the first state deepfake election laws. It adds subsections to Election Code 255.004 making it an offense, with intent to injure a candidate or influence the result of an election, to create a deep fake video and cause it to be published or distributed within 30 days of an election. A deep fake video is a video created with intent to deceive that appears to depict a real person performing an action that did not occur in reality. The offense is a Class A misdemeanor. Effective September 1, 2019.
Relating to financial exploitation or financial abuse using artificially generated media or phishing communications; providing a civil penalty; creating a criminal offense.
Texas SB 2373 (2025) targets deepfake scams. It defines artificially generated media as images, audio, video, text or other media created or modified with AI or other software with intent to deceive. A person harmed by knowing or intentional dissemination of such media or phishing for financial exploitation may sue for damages, profits, fees and injunctions; the attorney general may seek up to $1,000 per day; and new Penal Code 32.56 makes financial abuse through such media or phishing a crime graded by amount, up to a first-degree felony. Platforms and broadcasters are exempt for others' content. Effective September 1, 2025.
Unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another; penalty.
Virginia's 2019 law closes a gap in the crime of maliciously disseminating or selling nude or partially nude images of another person with intent to coerce, harass or intimidate (Code 18.2-386.2, a Class 1 misdemeanor). 'Another person' now includes a person whose image was used in creating, adapting or modifying a videographic or still image with intent to depict an actual person who is recognizable by face, likeness or other distinguishing characteristic, so deepfake intimate images are covered. Service providers are not liable for content provided by others. Effective July 1, 2019.
Unlawful dissemination or sale of images of another; penalty.
Virginia's 2019 law closes a gap in the crime of maliciously disseminating or selling nude or partially nude images of another person with intent to coerce, harass or intimidate (Code 18.2-386.2, a Class 1 misdemeanor). 'Another person' now includes a person whose image was used in creating, adapting or modifying a videographic or still image with intent to depict an actual person who is recognizable by face, likeness or other distinguishing characteristic, so deepfake intimate images are covered. Service providers are not liable for content provided by others. Effective July 1, 2019.
Child pornography; production, publication, sale, financing, etc.
Virginia SB 731 (2024) expands the definition of child pornography in Code 18.2-374.1 to cover sexually explicit visual material that depicts a minor in a state of nudity or engaged in sexual conduct where the depiction is obscene, and states that for this clause the minor depicted does not have to actually exist. The existing clause covering images created, adapted or modified using an identifiable real minor's likeness remains. The change reaches AI-generated and other synthetic child sexual abuse material; the act itself does not use the words 'artificial intelligence'. Effective July 1, 2024.
Online-Facilitated Misconduct & Remote Tracking
Colorado SB 24-011 closes the deepfake gap in the state's offenses of posting a private intimate image for harassment or for pecuniary gain. New subsection (2.5) of C.R.S. 18-7-107 and 18-7-108 states it is not a defense that the image is partially digitally created or altered or that the intimate parts were digitally created or altered, and both offenses now cover real or simulated intimate parts. The legislative declaration cites the rise of sexual deepfakes. Other parts of the act on online dating safety and remote tracking devices are not AI-related.
Relating to Elections -- Deceptive and Fraudulent Synthetic Media in Election Communications
Rhode Island's 2025 election deepfake law (R.I. Gen. Laws ch. 17-30) bars candidates, campaign committees, PACs, party committees and independent spenders from distributing synthetic media they know or should know is deceptive and fraudulent within 90 days of an election. Synthetic media is an image, audio or video of a person intentionally manipulated with generative adversarial network techniques or other digital technology to look real but give a fundamentally different impression. A clear disclosure that the media 'has been manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence' is a safe harbor. Depicted candidates may seek injunctions and damages. Effective on passage.
Relating to Elections -- Deceptive and Fraudulent Synthetic Media in Election Communications
Rhode Island's 2025 election deepfake law (R.I. Gen. Laws ch. 17-30) bars candidates, campaign committees, PACs, party committees and independent spenders from distributing synthetic media they know or should know is deceptive and fraudulent within 90 days of an election. Synthetic media is an image, audio or video of a person intentionally manipulated with generative adversarial network techniques or other digital technology to look real but give a fundamentally different impression. A clear disclosure that the media 'has been manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence' is a safe harbor. Depicted candidates may seek injunctions and damages. Effective on passage.
Sexual Extortion Amendments
Utah HB 13 (2025) amends the crime of sexual extortion in Utah Code 76-5b-204 to include threatening to distribute a counterfeit intimate image, the term Utah law uses for computer-generated or manipulated depictions of an identifiable person nude or in sexual conduct. Sextortion using deepfake images is therefore covered. The Legislature's passed-bills list shows it signed and effective February 27, 2025.
Invasion of Privacy; prohibition against the transmission of photography depicting nudity; include falsely created videographic or still images
Georgia's SB 337 (Act 550 of 2020) brings fake intimate images into the state's nonconsensual pornography law. O.C.G.A. 16-11-90 already made it a crime to knowingly transmit or post, without consent, a photo or video showing an adult's nudity or sexually explicit conduct when it harasses or causes financial loss to the person depicted and serves no legitimate purpose to them. The act adds that this includes a falsely created videographic or still image, which covers deepfakes and other fabricated images. Interactive computer services and telecommunications providers are not liable for content posted by others. It took effect on the Governor's approval.
Sexual Images
Florida's CS/CS/HB 757 (Chapter 2025-99) extends s. 836.13, F.S., on altered sexual depictions (sexual deepfakes) to their creation. 'Generate' means creating or altering an image by computer or other means to portray an identifiable person, or offering or agreeing to do so. Willfully generating, or soliciting, an altered sexual depiction of an identifiable person without consent, or possessing one with intent to maliciously promote it, is a third-degree felony. New s. 800.045 covers lewd images of an identifiable minor, including images created or altered by electronic means. Effective October 1, 2025.
Data Privacy Amendments
Utah H.B. 444 (2025) amends the Government Data Privacy Act for state and local governmental entities. It defines "automated decision making" (decisions about a person by automated processing without human review) and says high-risk processing activities may include facial recognition technology and automated decision making. Each entity must describe its high-risk processing in an annual privacy program report, and the Utah Office of Data Privacy, which monitors high-risk processing, must help identify best practices on automated decision making and synthetic data. It applies to government, not businesses. Passed by two-thirds, it took effect when signed on March 27, 2025.
Establishes the crime of unlawful dissemination or publication of a fabricated photographic, videographic, or audio record as a class E felony.
New York's A 1280 would add Penal Law § 245.20, making it a class E felony to intentionally create and then disseminate or publish, without consent and with intent to cause harm to the liberty or emotional, social, financial or physical welfare of an identifiable person, a fabricated photographic, videographic or audio record. Such a record would have to look indistinguishable from reality and be manipulated or artificial, including through AI such as deepfakes. Several exemptions apply, including parody, news reporting and platforms. Referred to Codes January 7, 2026; it has not passed either chamber.
DISCLOSING EXPLICIT SYNTHETIC MEDIA – Adds to existing law to provide for the crime of disclosing explicit synthetic media.
Idaho's H 575 (2024) created the crime of disclosing explicit synthetic media in Idaho Code 18-6606. Synthetic media is an image or video created or altered with technical means, such as artificial intelligence, to realistically show an identifiable person doing something they did not do; explicit synthetic media shows sexual conduct or intimate parts. Knowingly disclosing it without consent when it would cause substantial emotional distress, disclosing it to harass or degrade, or threatening to disclose it to extort money or images is a misdemeanor, and a felony (up to 10 years, $25,000) for a repeat offense within five years. Effective July 1, 2024.
ELECTIONEERING COMMUNICATIONS – Freedom From AI-Rigged (FAIR) Elections Act: relief and actions over synthetic media in electioneering communications
Idaho's H 664 (2024), the Freedom From AI-Rigged (FAIR) Elections Act, targets deepfakes in campaign ads. Synthetic media is audio or video of a person's speech or conduct created with generative adversarial network techniques or other digital technology so that it seems real but shows something that did not happen. A candidate deceptively shown in synthetic media in an electioneering communication may seek an injunction and sue the content creator for damages and attorney's fees. Including the disclosure 'This (video/audio) has been manipulated', shown or read as the law specifies, is an affirmative defense. It took effect March 25, 2024.
Use of digitally altered media in elections
Indiana's HB 1133 (P.L. 81-2024) regulates deepfakes in campaign ads. Fabricated media includes undetectably altered recordings, lifelike artificially generated imitations of a person made without consent, and media of an artificially generated person. If a campaign communication includes fabricated media depicting a candidate, whoever paid for it must include the disclaimer 'Elements of this media have been digitally altered or artificially generated,' shown or read as the law specifies. A depicted candidate may sue for damages, injunctive relief and attorney's fees if the disclaimer is missing. It took effect on passage.
Relating to the unlawful production or distribution of sexually explicit videos using deep fake technology; creating a criminal offense.
Texas SB 1361 (2023) created Penal Code 21.165. It is a Class A misdemeanor to knowingly produce or distribute by electronic means, without the depicted person's effective consent, a deep fake video that appears to show the person with intimate parts exposed or engaged in sexual conduct. A deep fake video is a video created with intent to deceive that appears to depict a real person performing an action that did not occur in reality. SB 441 (2025) later broadened the offense. Effective September 1, 2023.
An Act Concerning the State Budget for the Biennium Ending June 30, 2027, and Making Appropriations Therefor, and Provisions Related to Revenue and Other Items Implementing the State Budget
Section 261 of Connecticut's 2025 budget act (Public Act 25-168) creates the crime of unlawful dissemination of an intimate synthetically created image. A synthetically created image is a photo, video or other image not wholly recorded by a camera or partly or wholly computer-generated that is virtually indistinguishable from a real depiction of an identifiable person. It is a crime to intentionally share such an intimate image without consent, knowing it is synthetic, intending viewers to believe it is real, when the person is harmed, or after creating or obtaining it to harm them. Penalties reach a class D felony. Section 261 is effective October 1, 2025.
An Act Establishing a Civil Action for the Office of the Attorney General and a Private Right of Action for Victims of Unlawful Dissemination of a Synthetically Created Intimate Image
Connecticut's HB 5312 (Public Act 26-55) adds civil remedies for AI-made intimate images. A person harmed by unlawful dissemination of a synthetically created intimate image may sue whoever knowingly shared it with intent to harm, for an injunction, damages including punitive damages, and attorney's fees, within two years of discovery. Covered platforms must run a notice-and-removal process for victims and the Attorney General, post plain-language instructions, and remove reported images and reasonable efforts at copies within 48 hours. The Attorney General can seek penalties of up to $25,000 per day. Effective October 1, 2026.
Relative to prohibiting the nonconsensual dissemination of synthetic sexual images
New Hampshire's HB 1319 (Chapter 127 of 2024) extends the crime of nonconsensual dissemination of private sexual images to synthetic images. A synthetic image is an image altered or created to depict a person in a realistic but false way. It is a class B felony to purposely share, to harass, intimidate, threaten or coerce the person shown, a synthetic image that manipulates a recognizable person's image to create a realistic but false depiction of their intimate parts or sexual activity without consent. Exceptions cover investigations, reporting unlawful conduct and lawful public purposes. Effective January 1, 2025.
Enacts the "political artificial intelligence disclaimer (PAID) act"; requires political communications that use synthetic media to disclose that they were created with the assistance of artificial intelligence; requires committees that use synthetic media to maintain records of such usage.
New York's S 2414, the political artificial intelligence disclaimer (PAID) act, would amend Election Law § 14-106 so political communications produced by or including synthetic media (media fully or partly created or modified by AI algorithms) carry the statement "This political communication was created with the assistance of artificial intelligence." Committees would also have to keep and file records of synthetic media use. Referred to Elections January 7, 2026; it has not passed either chamber.
Criminalizing the creation of child intimate visual representations
New Hampshire's SB 300 (Chapter 259 of 2025) creates RSA 649-A:3-c, which makes it a class B felony to knowingly create, produce, manufacture or direct an intimate visual representation of a child for prurient purposes when the child can be identified from it or from information shown with it. An intimate visual representation includes any photo, video, digital image, synthetic image or computer-generated image showing a child's intimate parts, and a synthetic image is one altered or created to show a person in a realistic but false way. The offense is added to the sex offender registry as an offense against a child and a Tier II offense. Effective January 1, 2026.
To protect against election misinformation
Massachusetts S44 would bar distributing, with actual malice, a materially deceptive election-related communication within 90 days of an election, with injunctions and damages as remedies; it defines synthetic media as audio or video substantially produced by generative AI. On October 16, 2025 it accompanied new draft S2631, which was referred to Senate Ways and Means that day.
An Act Regarding Artificial Intelligence in Campaign Advertising
Not law. Maine's LD 1690 would have required political communications using images, audio or video that have been materially manipulated or altered and contain 'synthetic media' to carry the statement 'THIS COMMUNICATION CONTAINS AUDIO, VIDEO AND/OR IMAGES THAT HAVE BEEN MANIPULATED OR ALTERED.' Violations could draw penalties up to 500% of the expenditure with no 10-day cure, and the Ethics Commission could seek an injunction. The committee voted Ought Not To Pass May 19, 2025; final disposition May 27, 2025. A separate bill, LD 517 (synthetic media in campaign advertising), was enacted as Chapter 593, signed March 23, 2026.
To protect against election misinformation
Massachusetts S2631 would bar distributing, with actual malice, a materially deceptive election-related communication within 90 days of an election, with injunctions and damages as remedies; it defines synthetic media as audio or video substantially produced by generative AI. Reported favorably and referred to Senate Ways and Means October 16, 2025; it has not passed either chamber.
Enhancing disclosure requirements for synthetic media in political advertising
Massachusetts H846 would require paid audio or video political communications that contain synthetic media (content substantially produced by generative AI) to carry AI disclosure labels at the beginning and end and throughout the synthetic portions, with fines up to $1,000. On February 11, 2026 new draft H5094 was substituted; H5094 passed the House 157-0 that day and was referred to Senate Ways and Means February 12, 2026.
SCH CD-BULLYING-DEEPFAKE
Illinois's HB 5848 (103rd General Assembly) would have amended the School Code's bullying prevention section (105 ILCS 5/27-23.7) so that, beginning with the 2025-2026 school year, "cyber-bullying" includes distributing or posting a digital replica of an individual engaged in an activity the person did not engage in, including sexually explicit digitized depictions. It was not passed before the 103rd General Assembly ended (Session Sine Die, January 7, 2025).
A bill for an act relating to the use of synthetic media in campaign materials, and making penalties applicable. (Formerly HSB 643.)
Iowa's HF 2609 (formerly HSB 643) would require published campaign material containing synthetic media (realistic but false digitally manipulated images, audio or video of a real person) to carry the words "THIS CONTENT GENERATED USING SYNTHETIC MEDIA." The responsible person bears sole responsibility. Passed the House 89-2 on March 12, 2026 as amended; in Senate subcommittee March 17, 2026.
A bill for an act relating to the use of synthetic media in campaign materials, and making penalties applicable.
Iowa's SSB 3039 (proposed by the Ethics and Campaign Disclosure Board) would require published campaign material containing synthetic media (realistic but false manipulated images, audio or video) to prominently include the words "THIS CONTENT GENERATED USING SYNTHETIC MEDIA." Senate subcommittee recommended amendment and passage January 21, 2026. The House counterpart HF 2609 has passed the House.
Regulates how certain large social media platforms utilize algorithms.
Rhode Island H 7954 (2026), the Digital Platform Transparency and Democratic Integrity Act as introduced on February 27, 2026, would require covered platforms (more than one million monthly active users nationally that let users create profiles and share content) to disclose the main factors behind content ranking and to label AI-made synthetic media that appears to depict real people, statements or events. Knowing violations carry civil penalties up to $10,000 each. The text says it takes effect upon passage.
Updates certain crimes to include nonconsensual pornographic deepfake threats and disclosure.
New Jersey's A2736 would add deepfake images to New Jersey's invasion-of-privacy and criminal coercion offenses. Knowingly reproducing an actual or deepfake intimate image without consent would be third-degree; disclosing a deepfake image based on another person's image, knowingly or with reckless disregard of any license or privilege, would be fourth-degree; threatening disclosure would be criminal coercion.
AN ACT relating to protection of information and declaring an emergency.
Kentucky's HB 672 (2025 session) would have required state departments and agencies to route generative and high-risk AI through an Artificial Intelligence Governance Committee created by the Commonwealth Office of Technology. It would have required approval, a public registry, disclaimers on AI-generated decisions and outputs, risk management policies and impact assessments for high-risk systems, employee training, and regulations by July 1, 2025. It also would have let candidates and election officers sue over undisclosed synthetic media in election ads. Referred to House State Government; died. SB 4 (2025), with the same title, was enacted instead (Acts Ch. 66).
Urges generative artificial intelligence and content sharing platforms to make voluntary commitments to prevent and remove harmful content.
New Jersey's AR101 is a resolution that does not change the law. It would urge generative AI and content sharing platforms to voluntarily commit to preventing and removing harmful deepfake and cheapfake content, and direct the Clerk to send copies to the chief executives of leading AI and content sharing companies in the State.
Prohibits and imposes criminal penalty on disclosure of certain intentionally deceptive audio or visual media within 90 days of election.
New Jersey's S2129 would make it a fourth-degree crime to knowingly or recklessly disclose, or to solicit, intentionally deceptive audio or visual media (deepfakes) within 90 days of an election with intent to deceive a voter with false information; a repeat offense would be third-degree. Voters and depicted candidates could sue, and media carrying a prescribed disclaimer would be excepted.
Prohibits deepfake pornography and imposes criminal and civil penalties for non-consensual disclosure.
New Jersey's S1159 would add 'deceptive audio or visual media' (deepfakes) to the State's invasion-of-privacy law, making it a third-degree crime, with a fine of up to $30,000, to disclose such intimate media of a person without consent, knowing one is not licensed or privileged to do so. It would add such media to the child sexual exploitation offenses and let the person depicted sue.
Artificial Intelligence Transparency Act; established.
Virginia's HB 2554 (2025 Regular Session) would have created the Artificial Intelligence Transparency Act, requiring developers of generative AI systems that produce audio, images, text or video to include a clear and conspicuous disclosure on AI-generated content and to prevent downstream use without it. Left in committee on February 4, 2025; it failed.
Elections; criminal offense of election interference with a deep fake and solicitation; establish
Georgia's SB 392 (2023-2024 session) would have created the offense of election interference with a deep fake: creating, publishing, broadcasting, streaming or uploading a deep fake within 90 days of an election with intent to deceive electors in order to reduce a candidate's chance of being elected or otherwise influence an election or referendum. A deep fake created by or at the request of a candidate depicting that same candidate would be excluded. The bill was read and referred in the Senate on January 25, 2024, went no further, and died when the 2023-2024 session ended.
Provides civil penalties for campaign advertisements containing "deepfake" misrepresentations of candidates.
New Jersey's A4163 would make a covered person liable for fraudulent misrepresentation of a candidate if they knowingly and intentionally disseminate a campaign advertisement containing a deepfake of that candidate, unless it carries a prescribed disclosure and embedded content provenance. A candidate could sue for punitive damages and daily civil penalties of up to $15,000, $50,000 or $250,000 by office. Introduced February 19, 2026.
Prohibits deepfake pornography and imposes criminal and civil penalties for non-consensual disclosure.
New Jersey's A1359 would add 'deceptive audio or visual media' (deepfakes) to the State's invasion-of-privacy law, making it a third-degree crime, with a fine of up to $30,000, to disclose such intimate media of a person without consent, knowing one is not licensed or privileged to do so. It would add such media to the child sexual exploitation offenses and let the person depicted sue.
Updates certain crimes to include nonconsensual pornographic deepfake threats and disclosure.
New Jersey's S3303 would amend the invasion of privacy and criminal coercion laws to cover deepfakes. Knowingly reproducing, without license or privilege, an actual or deepfake image of another person's exposed intimate parts or sexual activity without consent would be a third-degree crime; disclosing such a deepfake image knowingly or with reckless disregard of license would be fourth degree with a fine of up to $30,000; threatening to disclose one would count as criminal coercion. Introduced February 2, 2026.
Providing for a public education campaign focused on educating the public about artificial intelligence and improving AI consumer literacy.
Pennsylvania's HB 2314 (2025-26), the Artificial Intelligence Public Education Campaign Act, would require the Office of Attorney General, subject to funding being available and within one year of the act's effective date, to run a public education campaign on AI and AI consumer literacy, including AI scams, chatbots and deepfake detection. It passed the House 198-3 on June 3, 2026 and was referred to the Senate Communications & Technology Committee on June 5, 2026.
Establishes Deep Fake Technology Unit in DLPS; appropriates $2 million.
New Jersey's S 2130 (as introduced) would have the Attorney General, consulting the state Chief Technology Officer, establish a Deep Fake Technology Unit in the Division of Criminal Justice to give State and local law enforcement, prosecutors and courts technical assistance, expertise and training on deceptive audio or visual media, including analyzing evidence and giving expert testimony. The unit would issue annual reports beginning one year after it forms, and $2 million would be appropriated from the General Fund. Introduced January 13, 2026 and referred to the Senate Law and Public Safety Committee; it has not passed either house.
Synthetic digital representations and providing a penalty.
Wisconsin's AB 855 (2025-26) would have created s. 942.085 making it a Class A misdemeanor to create and post, publish, distribute or exhibit a "synthetic digital representation" of an individual with intent to coerce, harass or intimidate, and a Class I felony to do so with intent to defraud, coerce or intimidate for monetary gain. Introduced January 16, 2026, it failed to pass pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 1 on March 23, 2026.
Relative to prohibiting certain uses of deepfakes and creating a private claim of action
New Hampshire's HB 1432 (Chapter 243 of 2024) makes fraudulent use of deepfakes a class B felony. A deepfake is video, audio or other media in which a person's face, body or voice has been digitally altered so they appear to be someone else or to say or do something they never did. Knowingly creating, distributing or presenting a deepfake of an identifiable person to embarrass, harass, entrap, defame, extort or cause financial or reputational harm is a crime, and a deepfake that leads to the person's arrest is a separate felony carrying liability for their defense costs. Victims may also sue for damages. News, satire and parody are excepted. Effective January 1, 2025.
Urging The Leadership Of The Department Of Law Enforcement To Periodically Undergo Training On Crimes Relating To Artificial Intelligence Technology.
Hawaii's House Resolution 48 (2024) would have urged the Director, Deputy Directors and Administrators of the Department of Law Enforcement to complete training on crimes involving artificial intelligence, including deepfakes and related technologies, at least every two years. It was offered March 7 and referred to the House JHA and FIN committees on March 8, 2024, and was never adopted. A resolution does not change the law.
Pupil instruction: digital wellness.
AB 2071 amended Education Code Sections 51928 and 51929. By January 1, 2028, the State Department of Education must develop a plan to expand digital wellness instruction in public schools. The plan must include age-appropriate resources, strategies for keeping curriculum current with rapidly evolving digital and artificial intelligence technology, guidance for under-resourced schools, family engagement, and educator support. The bill's findings cite the effects of AI-powered technologies and AI-generated content on youth.
Urging The Leadership Of The Department Of Law Enforcement To Periodically Undergo Training On Crimes Relating To Artificial Intelligence Technology.
Hawaii's House Concurrent Resolution 65 (2024) would have urged the Director, Deputy Directors and Administrators of the Department of Law Enforcement to train on crimes relating to artificial intelligence, including deepfakes, at least every two years. It was referred to House committees on March 8, 2024 and never adopted; it died at the end of the biennium. A resolution does not change the law.
An Act to prohibit the use of a deepfake to influence an election and to provide a penalty therefor.
South Dakota's 2025 SB 164 targets election deepfakes. A deepfake is an image, audio or video created or manipulated with AI or other digital technology so realistic that a reasonable person would believe it shows a real person's speech or conduct that did not happen. Disseminating one, or contracting to, with intent to injure a candidate within 90 days of an election, without the disclosure "This (image/video/audio) has been manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence," is a Class 1 misdemeanor. The AG, candidates and depicted people can sue. The act states no effective date.
Political campaign advertisements; synthetic media, penalty.
Virginia's SB 141 (2026 Regular Session) would have required electioneering communications with synthetic media to carry a conspicuous statement, with a civil penalty up to $25,000 and a Class 1 misdemeanor for willful violations. It passed the Senate 34-4; the House substituted different text, and the bill failed in conference on March 14, 2026.
Relating To Elections.
Hawaii's HB 1766 (2024, H.D. 1) would have barred distributing, within ninety days before a primary or general election, an advertisement containing a deceptive and fraudulent deepfake of a candidate that the person knew or should have known was one, unless it carries a 'has been manipulated' disclosure. It passed the House March 5, 2024, was referred to Senate JDC March 7 and died when the 2024 session ended. The text set a July 1, 3000 effective date.
Artificial intelligence; Joint Commission on Technology and Science to study advancements.
Virginia's SJ 14 (2024 Regular Session) was a Senate joint resolution that would have directed the Joint Commission on Technology and Science to study advancements in artificial intelligence, including deepfakes, data privacy, misinformation and discrimination. It would not have changed the law. Continued to 2025 in committee on February 7, 2024; it failed.
Digital Content Authenticity and Transparency Act; established, civil penalty.
Virginia's HB 2121 (2025 Regular Session) would have created the Digital Content Authenticity and Transparency Act, requiring generative AI developers to apply provenance data to synthetic content and offer a public provenance tool and reader, with Attorney General enforcement and civil penalties. Left in committee on February 4, 2025; it failed.
Synthetic media; expands applicability of provisions related to defamation, etc., penalty.
Virginia's SB 571 (2024 Regular Session) would have extended defamation, slander and libel provisions to synthetic media and made it a Class 1 misdemeanor to generate, create or use deceptive audio or visual media to commit a fraud offense, with a rebuttable presumption, a civil action for the person depicted and an Attorney General work group. Continued to 2025 in committee on February 12, 2024; it failed.
Relating to disclosures and penalties associated with use of synthetic media and artificial intelligence
West Virginia's SB 484 (2025 regular session, committee substitute) would have added W. Va. Code 3-8-12a barring anyone from distributing, or agreeing to distribute, AI-manipulated synthetic media of a person within 90 days before an election, knowing it is false, without consent and intending to injure a candidate or influence the result, unless it carries a clear disclaimer. It would be a misdemeanor with a fine up to $1,000 per violation, plus civil actions. It passed no chamber: it was laid over on first reading and referred to Rules on March 4, 2025.
Tools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act TAKE IT DOWN Act
The federal TAKE IT DOWN Act (S. 146) makes it a crime to knowingly publish online, in specified circumstances, nonconsensual intimate images of an identifiable person, including 'digital forgeries' made with software, machine learning or AI that look authentic, and to threaten to do so; prison terms reach 2 years (adult victims) or 3 years (minors). Covered platforms that host user-generated content had until May 19, 2026, one year after enactment, to set up a notice-and-removal process, and must remove reported images within 48 hours; the FTC enforces. Signed May 19, 2025 (Public Law 119-12); the criminal provisions applied from enactment.
SEXUAL EXPLICIT DIGITAL IMAGE
Amends the Criminal Code of 2012. New Section 11-20.4 (obscene depiction of a purported child) covers obscene depictions, including computer-generated images or video, that appear to show a child under 18 whether or not a real child is shown: receiving or accessing is a Class 3 felony and disseminating a Class 1 felony. New Section 11-23.7 makes it a Class 4 felony to disseminate a "sexually explicit digitized depiction" of a person (realistically altered or computer-generated intimate parts or sexual activity). Related sentencing and registration provisions are updated. Effective January 1, 2025.
Relating To Privacy.
Hawaii's SB 309 (Act 59 of 2021) adds sexual deep fakes to the felony of violation of privacy in the first degree (HRS § 711-1110.9). A person commits it by intentionally creating, disclosing or threatening to disclose an image or video of a composite fictitious person shown nude or engaged in sexual conduct that includes a known person's recognizable physical characteristics, so it appears to depict that person, with intent to substantially harm them or as revenge or retribution. The public-nudity and commercial-transaction exemptions do not apply to it. It is a class C felony. Became Act 59 June 23, 2021; effective on approval.
An Act To Amend Title 15 Of The Delaware Code Relating To Deep Fakes In Elections.
Delaware's HB 316 (enacted as House Substitute 1, 84 Del. Laws c. 487) makes it a crime to distribute, or contract to distribute, a deep fake of a candidate or party within 90 days before an election without the depicted person's consent, if the person knows or should know it is a deep fake. Media carrying "This (image/video/audio) has been altered or artificially generated." is exempt, as are qualifying news coverage, satire and parody. Violations are class B misdemeanors, or class A with intent to cause violence or within 5 years of a prior conviction; depicted candidates may sue in the Court of Chancery. Signed and effective October 9, 2024.
Criminalize disclosure of certain explicit AI-generated media
Montana's SB 413 (Chapter 606, 2025) creates the crime of disclosing explicit synthetic media (sexual deepfakes): knowingly or purposely disclosing it when the person knows or should know the identifiable person shown did not consent and would suffer substantial emotional distress; disclosing it to terrify, intimidate, threaten, harass or injure that person; or threatening disclosure to obtain money or other valuable consideration. Penalties: up to $1,000 and 1 year in jail; repeat convictions up to $10,000 and 5 years; up to $10,000 and 10 years if the person shown is under 18. Signed and effective May 13, 2025.
Election communications; deepfakes; prohibition
Arizona's SB 1359 adds A.R.S. § 16-1023. Within 90 days before an election in which a candidate is on the ballot, a creator may not create and distribute synthetic media that the person knows is a deceptive and fraudulent deepfake of that candidate unless it includes a clear and conspicuous disclosure conveying to a reasonable person that the media includes content generated by artificial intelligence. A person who fails to disclose is liable for the civil penalty in § 16-937(B) for each day the deepfake is distributed. Satire, parody and interactive computer services are exempt. Signed May 29, 2024 (Chapter 199).
Provenance of Digital Content
Not law: died in committee. The committee substitute for Florida's SB 702 would have required online content purporting to feature an electoral candidate to carry provenance data if made with generative AI, and required generative AI providers to apply provenance data to content wholly generated by their tools and offer public detection tools and a free provenance reader. Social media platforms would have retained and shown provenance data, capture devices sold in Florida would have needed an option to record it, and violations would have been unfair or deceptive acts under s. 501.204 enforced by the Attorney General after a 30-day cure period. Died in Ethics and Elections June 16, 2025.
Artificial Intelligence Use in Political Advertising
Florida's HB 919 (s. 106.145, F.S.) requires political ads, electioneering communications and other political advertisements to prominently state "Created in whole or in part with the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI)." when they contain AI-generated content that appears to depict a real person doing something that did not happen, created with intent to injure a candidate or deceive about a ballot issue. A person paying for, sponsoring or approving the ad who omits the disclaimer commits a first-degree misdemeanor; anyone may complain to the Florida Elections Commission, which holds expedited hearings. Approved April 26, 2024 (Chapter 2024-126); effective July 1, 2024.
False advertising: synthetic performers.
California's SB 1050 (Bus. & Prof. Code § 17610) makes it unlawful to create and cause to be published an ad that prominently includes a synthetic performer without a clear and conspicuous disclosure, worded like "this performance features a synthetic performer" or "no human performer is depicted." A synthetic performer is a generative-AI figure or voice that realistically appears to be a human performer but is not any identifiable person. Ads for expressive works and translation or accessibility uses are exempt. Ad outlets served with a court order must pull a violating ad. Signed September 16, 2026 (Chapter 246); effective January 1, 2027.
Requesting The Hawaii State Commission On The Status Of Women To Establish A Working Group And Provide A Report To The Legislature On Ways To Strengthen Prevention, Interventions, And Protections For Survivors Of Image-based Sexual Abuse.
Hawaii's House Resolution 85 (H.D. 2, 2026) asks a designee of the Hawaii State Commission on the Status of Women to form a working group, including gender-based violence service providers, survivors, county police, prosecutors, coalitions and the Judiciary, to review laws and policies nationwide for ways to prevent image-based sexual abuse and protect survivors. Its recitals cite AI-generated abuse and sexual deepfakes. A report with any proposed legislation is due 20 days before the 2028 session; the group dissolves December 31, 2027. Adopted by the House April 9, 2026; a resolution of one chamber does not change the law.
Relating to the crime of corrupt political advertising; regulating the use; of generative artificial intelligence; requiring disclosure that an image or speech has been manipulated ; making it a crime to create false representations of candidates in campaign media or of state officials; providing…
Not law. Kansas HB 2559, as amended by the House Elections Committee, would have barred using synthetic media (realistic but false media intentionally manipulated with generative AI) to alter a candidate's appearance, action or speech in election campaign communications and a state official's in any communication. Violations would have been class C misdemeanors, with an affirmative defense if the communication states 'This (image/video/audio) has been manipulated.' Liability for disclosures would have rested solely with the advertiser, not broadcasters or media platforms. The committee recommended it as amended February 12, 2024; it was stricken from the House calendar February 23, 2024.
A bill for an act relating to the publication of electioneering communications containing synthetic media, and providing penalties.
Iowa's SF 2166 would prohibit knowingly or recklessly publishing an electioneering communication containing AI-manipulated synthetic media within 90 days of an election unless it carries a required AI disclaimer. Civil penalties are up to $1,000 for a first offense and $5,000 for later ones; knowing violation with intent to defraud is a serious misdemeanor. Referred to Senate State Government January 29, 2026; subcommittee named February 3, 2026; it has not passed either chamber.
Prohibits and imposes criminal penalty on disclosure of certain intentionally deceptive audio or visual media within 90 days of election.
New Jersey's A3585 would make it a fourth-degree crime to knowingly or recklessly disclose, or to solicit, intentionally deceptive audio or visual media (deepfakes) within 90 days of an election with intent to deceive a voter with false information; a repeat offense would be third-degree. Voters and depicted candidates could sue, and media carrying a prescribed disclaimer would be excepted.
Establishes Deepfake Technology Unit in DLPS; appropriates $2 million.
New Jersey's A3058 would have the Attorney General, consulting the State Chief Technology Officer, establish a Deepfake Technology Unit in the Division of Criminal Justice to analyze and authenticate evidence, give expert testimony and train law enforcement, prosecutors and courts. It would appropriate $2 million from the General Fund to the Department of Law and Public Safety.
Political campaign advertisements; synthetic media, penalty.
Virginia's HB 868 (2026 Regular Session) would bar electioneering communications containing synthetic media from being published or broadcast without a conspicuous statement that the message contains synthetic media that may present conduct or speech that did not occur. A violation would carry a civil penalty up to $25,000 and a willful violation a Class 1 misdemeanor. Continued to 2027 in committee on February 6, 2026.
Establishes the crime of aggravated harassment by means of electronic or digital communication; provides for a private right of action for the unlawful dissemination or publication of deep fakes, which are digitized images which are altered to incorporate a person's face or their identifiable body…
New York's A 6293 would add Penal Law § 240.80, a class A misdemeanor for producing, distributing, publishing or broadcasting a "deep fake" (an altered image depicting a lewd sex act or graphic violence, published without written permission) with intent to harass, annoy, threaten or alarm. It would also extend the Civil Rights Law §§ 52-b and 52-c private rights of action to deep fakes. Would take effect immediately. Introduced March 3, 2025 and referred to the Science and Technology Committee (again January 7, 2026); it has not passed either chamber.
Prohibit Use of Personally Identifying Feature
Colorado's HB26-1049 would have made it a crime to use another person's fingerprint, voiceprint, retina or iris scan, or facial map in an advertisement, deepfake, image, video, voice recording, or other digital depiction without permission: a class 5 felony, or a class 4 felony if done to intentionally harm that person. A harmed person could sue for damages and attorney fees. The House committee postponed it indefinitely February 12, 2026; it is dead.
Deepfake Liability Act
The Deepfake Liability Act (H.R. 6334) would amend Section 230 of the Communications Act and the TAKE IT DOWN Act. Section 230(c)(1) protection would apply only to platforms that run a reasonable process against cyberstalking and intimate privacy violations, including sexually explicit digital forgeries, and platforms would have to remove such content within 48 hours of a valid request. Referred to the House Energy and Commerce Committee on December 1, 2025; it has not passed either house.
Requiring a disclosure of deceptive artificial intelligence usage in political advertising.
New Hampshire's HB 1596 adds RSA 664:14-c. Within 90 days of an election, no person or entity may distribute a message created with AI or generative AI that it knows or should have known is a deepfake of a candidate, election official or party on the ballot, unless the media carries the required AI disclosure. Candidates and election officials may seek an injunction or damages. Signed August 2, 2024 (Chapter 345); effective August 1, 2024.
An act relating to public safety; establishing a cause of action for nonconsensual dissemination of deep fake sexual images; establishing the crime of using deep fake technology to influence an election; establishing a crime for nonconsensual dissemination of deep fake sexual images
Minnesota's HF 1370 (Chapter 58) creates a civil claim (Minn. Stat. 604.32) and a crime (617.262) for disseminating without consent a deep fake that realistically depicts an identifiable person's intimate parts or sexual acts, and a crime (609.771) for disseminating a deep fake without consent to injure a candidate or influence an election. The election crime was amended in 2024 (2024 c 112) and now applies within 90 days before a political party nominating convention or after absentee voting starts for a primary or election. Signed May 26, 2023; effective August 1, 2023.
California Digital Content Provenance Standards.
California's AB 3211 (Wicks), the California Digital Content Provenance Standards, would require generative AI providers to apply hard-to-remove provenance data to synthetic content and offer a detection tool, recording devices to offer provenance options, and large online platforms to label provenance, with duties operative July 1, 2026. Passed the Assembly 62-0 on May 22, 2024; ordered to the Senate inactive file August 31, 2024; died on that file November 30, 2024.
An Act Concerning Artificial Intelligence.
Connecticut's SB 2, as passed by the Senate (File 603 as amended by Senate Amendments A and B, as described in the OLR bill analysis), would require anyone doing business in the state to tell consumers when they interact with an AI system, and deployers of high-risk AI systems used in consequential decisions to give notices, explain adverse decisions and allow correction and appeal, beginning October 1, 2026, with attorney general enforcement. It would also create AI studies, an AI Academy and a synthetic intimate image crime. Passed the Senate May 14, 2025; tabled on the House calendar May 16, 2025; it did not pass the House.
Deepfake recordings or images
Vetoed. Arizona's SB 1336 (2024) would have added A.R.S. § 13-3508, making it a crime to intentionally disseminate a deepfake recording or image that realistically depicts an identifiable person's intimate parts (real or generated by synthetic media) or the person engaging in a sexual act, when the person who created and disseminated it knew or reasonably should have known the person did not consent. It would have been a class 6 felony, or a class 4 felony in cases such as posting it online, intent to profit or harass, or a prior conviction. The Governor vetoed it May 29, 2024, calling it duplicative of SB 1078.
Synthetic digital representations and providing a penalty.
Wisconsin's SB 815 would have created s. 942.085, making it a Class A misdemeanor to create and post, publish, distribute or exhibit a deepfake (a synthetic digital representation of an individual's recognizable face, voice or likeness that looks authentic and was made without consent) with intent to coerce, harass or intimidate, and a Class I felony if done with intent to defraud, coerce or intimidate for monetary gain. Introduced January 14, 2026 and referred to committee; it failed to pass March 23, 2026.
Relative to prohibiting the unlawful distribution of misleading synthetic media.
New Hampshire's HB 1500-FN would have made it a class A misdemeanor to purposely distribute synthetic media (media created or modified with artificial intelligence algorithms) of an identifiable person without consent and without a conspicuous synthetic-media notice, intending to mislead others. An election-related offense would have covered the 90 days before an election. Referred for interim study March 14, 2024; the October 31, 2024 report was Not Recommended for Future Legislation, so it is dead.
Pupil instruction: health framework: sexual health.
California's AB 1792 (Education Code § 51900.3) requires the Instructional Quality Commission, in the next revision of the Health Framework for California Public Schools, to consider including, and recommending to the State Board of Education, sexual health content teaching pupils about dating abuse and digital violence. AI figures in the digital-safety part: understanding the risks of nonconsensual intimate imagery, deepfakes, online grooming, sextortion, stalking and the misuse of generative AI. The content also covers legal rights and support resources and LGBTQIA+ pupils' experiences. Signed September 18, 2026 (Chapter 273); effective January 1, 2027.
ELECT CODE-DEEP FAKE VIDEO
Illinois' SB 3171 (101st General Assembly, 2019-2020) would have added Section 29-21 to the Election Code. A person would commit a Class A misdemeanor by creating a deep fake video, with intent to injure a candidate or influence the result of an election, and causing it to be published or distributed within 30 days of an election. Introduced February 11, 2020 by Sen. Stadelman; it did not pass, and the session ended January 13, 2021 (Session Sine Die).
Updates certain crimes to include nonconsensual pornographic deepfake threats and disclosure.
New Jersey's A4435 would amend the criminal invasion of privacy law to cover deepfake images. Recording an actual or deepfake image of a person's exposed intimate parts or sexual activity without consent would be a third-degree crime, and disclosing a nonconsensual deepfake based on another person's image, knowingly or with reckless disregard of lacking a license or privilege, would be a fourth-degree crime. Threatening to disclose such an image would count as criminal coercion. Introduced May 20, 2024. A bill of the Legislature's 2024-2025 session, which ended January 13, 2026.
Criminal procedure: sentencing guidelines; guidelines for dissemination of deep fake sexual images; enact. Amends sec. 17b, ch. XVII of 1927 PA 175 (MCL 777.17b).
Michigan's HB 5570 (2024) would have amended section 17b of chapter XVII of the Code of Criminal Procedure (MCL 777.17b) to add dissemination of an intimate deep fake with aggravating factors (MCL 752.388(3)) to the sentencing guidelines list of chapter 752 felonies, as a class F felony with a 3-year statutory maximum. It passed the House 108-2 on June 12, 2024 and was placed on third reading in the Senate on December 20, 2024, but was not passed before the 2023-24 session ended, so it died.
Election Law - Influence on a Voter's Voting Decision By Use of Fraud - Prohibition
Maryland's SB 361 (2025, third reader text) would have added to the election law ban on influencing a voter's decision by force, threat or bribery a ban on doing so through fraud, with fraud including the use of synthetic media: an image, audio or video recording intentionally created or manipulated with generative AI or other digital technology to create a realistic but false image or recording. Violators would face the existing misdemeanor penalty (up to $5,000, 5 years, or both). It passed the Senate, was amended by the House, and went to conference; the Senate adopted the conference report April 7, 2025 (39-8), but the history shows no House action on it, so it died.
An Act enhancing disclosure requirements for synthetic media in political advertising
Massachusetts' H 5094, as reported by House Ways and Means, would require paid audio or video political communications that contain AI-generated synthetic media to say "contains content generated by AI" at the beginning and end and to carry an AI-generated label throughout each synthetic portion. A violation would be punished by a fine of up to $1,000. The House adopted Amendment 4 (not reviewed here) and passed the bill to be engrossed 157-0 on February 11, 2026. The Senate referred it to Senate Ways and Means on February 12, 2026; it is not law.
Protecting Consumers from Deceptive AI Act
The federal H.R. 8479 (Protecting Consumers from Deceptive AI Act) would have NIST set up task forces on standards for identifying AI-generated content and require generative AI application providers to embed a machine-readable disclosure in audio or visual content they create or substantially modify, and large online platforms to show it to users. The FTC would write rules within 2 years and enforce them as unfair or deceptive practice rules. Introduced April 23, 2026 and referred to the House Energy and Commerce and Science, Space, and Technology committees; no further action.
Ending FCC Meddling in Our Elections Act
The federal H.R. 9913 (Ending FCC Meddling in Our Elections Act) would have barred the FCC from finalizing or enforcing its proposed rule on disclosure of AI-generated content in political ads (FCC 24-74, MB Docket No. 24-211, adopted July 10, 2024), or any substantially similar rule. Introduced October 4, 2024 and referred to the House Energy and Commerce Committee; it died when the 118th Congress ended on January 3, 2025.
Deep Fake Detection Prize Competition Act
The federal H.R. 5532 (Deep Fake Detection Prize Competition Act) would have required the National Science Foundation Director to carry out prize competitions under section 24 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 to incentivize research into technology that advances detection of deep fake audio, images and video. Introduced December 19, 2019 and referred to the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee; it died when the 116th Congress ended on January 3, 2021.
Requires advertisements to disclose the use of a synthetic performer; imposes a $1,000 civil penalty for a first violation and a $5,000 penalty for any subsequent violation.
New York's A 606-B would have amended General Business Law § 396-b to require a person in the business of dealing in property or services who places a commercial advertisement to conspicuously disclose a synthetic performer in it, where the person has actual knowledge. The civil penalty would have been $1,000 for a first violation and $5,000 for any subsequent one; advertisements for expressive works such as films and video games were exempt if the use matched the work. Reported and placed on the Assembly third reading calendar in 2025, the enacting clause was stricken January 12, 2026. A Senate version, S1228-C, exists.
Crimes and punishments; creating and disseminating a digitization or synthetic media; making certain acts unlawful; emergency.
Not law. The committee substitute for HB 3299 would have made it a misdemeanor in Oklahoma (up to 1 year and $1,000) to create and disseminate synthetic media of another person's name, image, voice or likeness without written consent and with intent to deceive and cause harm, and a felony (up to 5 years and $10,000) when it causes over $25,000 in financial harm or is used for extortion or blackmail. It would also have required disclosure of synthetic media in political ads and attestations from content creators. It cleared House committees in February 2026 but never received a House floor vote.
AN ACT relating to privacy protection.
Kentucky's HB 45 (2024 session) was a privacy bill covering automated license plate readers (data kept no more than 30 days with exceptions, no sale), drone surveillance, deep fakes, identification devices and tracking devices. The deep fake sections would have given a civil action against anyone who willfully and knowingly disseminated a deep fake without written consent and made certain harmful disclosures a Class D felony. The House passed it 96-0 with a committee substitute on February 28, 2024; in the Senate it was reassigned to Transportation March 7, 2024 and died.
Enacts the "political artificial intelligence disclaimer (PAID) act"; requires political communications that use synthetic media to disclose that they were created with the assistance of artificial intelligence; requires committees that use synthetic media to maintain records of such usage.
New York's A 7106-B (the "political artificial intelligence disclaimer (PAID) act") would have amended Election Law § 14-106 to require political communications that include synthetic media to state "THIS POLITICAL COMMUNICATION WAS CREATED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE," and to require committees to keep and file records of their synthetic media use. Introduced May 10, 2023 and last amended and recommitted to the Election Law Committee March 18, 2024; it never passed either chamber and died at the end of the 2023-2024 session.
Artificial Intelligence Public Awareness and Education Campaign Act
The federal S. 4596 (Artificial Intelligence Public Awareness and Education Campaign Act) would have required the Secretary of Commerce to run a public awareness and education campaign on the benefits, risks and prevalence of AI, including how to detect deepfakes and chatbot content and avoid AI-enabled scams. Reported by the Senate Commerce Committee and placed on the calendar December 18, 2024 (Calendar No. 726); it died when the 118th Congress ended on January 3, 2025.
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (deepfake and machine-manipulated media provisions, Division E secs. 5709 and 5724)
The FY2020 NDAA's intelligence division contains the first federal deepfake provisions. Section 5709 requires the Director of National Intelligence to report on foreign capabilities to produce machine-manipulated media and machine-generated text, and to notify Congress when a foreign entity deploys such media against U.S. elections or political processes. Section 5724 directs a prize competition of up to $5,000,000, run through IARPA, for technology that automatically detects machine-manipulated media (video, image or audio generated or substantially modified with machine learning). Other NDAA provisions are outside this entry.
Relating to the unlawful production or distribution of sexually explicit media using deep fake technology.
Vetoed. Texas's HB 449 would have widened the Penal Code § 21.165 crime from deep fake videos to any deep fake media: a visual depiction made or altered with software, machine learning, AI or other technological means that appears to a reasonable person to show a real person, indistinguishable from an authentic depiction, doing something that did not happen. It would have dropped the "intent to deceive" element. Knowingly producing or distributing such media by electronic means, showing a person with intimate parts exposed or engaged in sexual conduct, without their consent, would have stayed an offense. Vetoed by the Governor June 22, 2025.
Ai, Deepfakes, Cybersecurity, Data Xfers
Alaska's HB 306 would have required a statement ('This communication has been manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence') on campaign communications containing a deepfake meant to injure a candidate or party or deceive voters. It would also have set rules for state agency AI used for consequential decisions: inventories, impact assessments, notice, consent, appeals and bans. It was heard and held in House State Affairs March 19, 2024 and died when the 33rd Legislature ended.
Election Law – Campaign Materials – Disclosure of Use of Synthetic Media
Maryland's HB 872 (2024) would have required candidates, campaign finance entities, certain registrants and their agents to include a disclosure when they distribute campaign material made with or containing synthetic media (an image, audio or video intentionally manipulated with generative AI or other digital technology to create a realistic but false version) to anyone in Maryland. Violations would have been a misdemeanor (up to $1,000, 1 year, or both). A hearing was set for February 27, 2024; it went no further and died when the session ended.
Deepfake pornography.
California's AB 621 rewrites Civil Code § 1708.86, the civil claim over sexually explicit deepfakes. A depicted person can sue anyone who creates and intentionally discloses, or intentionally discloses, digitized sexually explicit material (including images) when they know or reasonably should know the person did not consent or was a minor, and anyone who knowingly facilitates or recklessly aids or abets it. Deepfake pornography services and providers that keep them running after 30 days' notice face presumptions of liability. Statutory damages reach $50,000, or $250,000 if malicious, and prosecutors may sue. Signed October 13, 2025 (Chapter 673); effective January 1, 2026.
AN ACT relating to crimes; expanding the crime of unlawful dissemination of an intimate image to include certain acts relating to the distribution of certain photorealistic images, digital images, computer images and computer-generated images; providing an exception to the crime of unlawful dissemination of an intimate image for persons who are less than 18 years of age; revising the definition of "intimate image"; providing penalties; and providing other matters properly relating thereto.
Nevada SB 213 brings AI deepfake nudes within the intimate-image law. "Intimate image" now includes photorealistic, digital, computer and computer-generated images that a reasonable person would believe show an identifiable person nude or in sexual conduct, and the public-figure exclusion is removed. Knowingly distributing such an image, made so it would be believed real, without the person's consent and with intent to harass, harm or terrorize, is a category D felony. Minors are exempt and offenders do not have to register as sex offenders.
Requesting The Hawaii State Commission On The Status Of Women, In Collaboration With The Office Of The Legislative Reference Bureau And Department Of The Attorney General, To Establish A Working Group And Provide A Report To The Legislature On Ways To Strengthen Protections For Survivors Of Image-based Sexual Abuse.
Hawaii's Senate Resolution 71 (S.D. 1, 2026) asks the Hawaii State Commission on the Status of Women, with the Legislative Reference Bureau and the Department of the Attorney General, to form a working group of gender-based violence service providers and survivors to review laws and policies nationwide for ways to protect survivors of image-based sexual abuse that Hawaii could adopt. Its recitals cite AI-generated abuse and sexual deepfakes. A report with any proposed legislation is due 40 days before the 2028 session. Adopted by the Senate April 9, 2026; a resolution of one chamber does not change the law.
AI/Ban Deceptive Ads
North Carolina's HB 375 would create the Artificial Intelligence and Synthetic Media Act (new Chapter 170). It would regulate deceptive deepfakes in elections, make generated child pornography and non-consensual fabricated intimate images crimes, and require disclosure of generative AI use by regulated occupations. Filed March 11, 2025 and referred to committees March 13, 2025; it has not passed either chamber.
Relative to the use of artificial intelligence by state agencies.
New Hampshire's HB 1688 adds RSA chapter 5-D. State agencies may not use AI to classify people in ways that cause unlawful discrimination, use real-time remote biometric identification for public surveillance (except law enforcement with a warrant), or use deepfakes for deceptive or malicious purposes. Irreversible AI decisions need human review, generative AI material not reviewed by a human must be labeled, and users must be told when they interact with AI. Signed July 12, 2024 (Chapter 209); effective July 1, 2024.
Relating to criminalizing the use of deep fakes
West Virginia's HB 5516 (2024 regular session, committee substitute) would have made it a crime to knowingly and intentionally disclose, or threaten to disclose, an image showing a person's intimate parts or sexually explicit conduct (including a deep fake) with intent to harass, intimidate, threaten, humiliate, embarrass or coerce. A first offense would be a misdemeanor and a repeat offense a felony. It also would have added deep fakes to the definition of visual portrayal in the minors sexual-conduct article. It passed the House on February 27, 2024 and died in Senate Judiciary.
Urges Congress to enact "Preventing Deepfakes of Intimate Images Act."
New Jersey's SR104 is a Senate resolution that urges Congress to enact the 'Preventing Deepfakes of Intimate Images Act' (H.R. 3106). It is a resolution that does not change the law. The resolution cites deepfake intimate images, an increase in deepfake child pornography and an incident at Westfield High School, and directs that copies go to congressional leaders and New Jersey's members of Congress. Introduced May 20, 2024. A resolution of the Legislature's 2024-2025 session, which ended January 13, 2026.
Extends crime of identity theft to include fraudulent impersonation or false depiction by means of artificial intelligence or deepfake technology.
New Jersey's A3912 would extend the identity theft crime to impersonating or falsely depicting another person by means of AI or deepfake technology. A 'false personation record' is computer-generated or substantially manipulated media or text that appears to show a real person doing something they did not do, without consent, and is substantially likely to cause perceptible individual or societal harm. Grading follows the benefit or number of victims: fourth degree for one victim up to second degree for five or more. Introduced February 27, 2024. A bill of the Legislature's 2024-2025 session, which ended January 13, 2026.
An Act Prohibiting The Creation And Dissemination Of Intimate Images Generated Using Artificial Intelligence And Without Consent.
Connecticut's SB 1143 (2025) was a short proposed bill with no operative text, stating its intent to prohibit the creation and dissemination of AI-generated intimate images without the consent of the person depicted by amending C.G.S. 53a-189c, establish criminal penalties and civil remedies, and define "deepfake technology" and "intimate image". It was referred to the Judiciary Committee on January 23, 2025 and died when the 2025 session ended.
Extends crime of identity theft to include fraudulent impersonation or false depiction by means of artificial intelligence or deepfake technology.
New Jersey's S736 would extend the identity theft crime to impersonating or falsely depicting another person by means of AI or deepfake technology. A 'false personation record' is computer-generated or substantially manipulated media or text that appears to show a real person doing something they did not do, without consent, and is substantially likely to cause perceptible individual or societal harm. Grading follows the benefit or number of victims: fourth degree for one victim up to second degree for five or more. Pre-filed for the 2024 session. A bill of the Legislature's 2024-2025 session, which ended January 13, 2026.
Prohibits deepfake pornography and imposes criminal and civil penalties for non-consensual disclosure.
New Jersey's S976 would make it a third-degree crime to disclose deceptive audio or visual media (deepfakes) depicting sexual activity or intimate parts without the person's consent, with a fine of up to $30,000. It would also treat such media depicting a child as child sexual exploitation material with the same penalties as other such items, and give the depicted person a civil action in Superior Court with at least $1,000 liquidated damages per violation. Pre-filed for the 2024 session. A bill of the Legislature's 2024-2025 session, which ended January 13, 2026.
Prohibits creation or disclosure of deceptive audio or visual media, known as "deepfakes," under certain circumstances.
New Jersey's S2483 would make it a fourth-degree crime to create deceptive audio or visual media (deepfakes) without license or privilege and for an unlawful purpose, and a third-degree crime to disclose such media, knowing or reasonably should know it was unlawfully created, without clearly labeling it. A fine of up to $30,000 may be imposed for disclosure. The person depicted could sue for at least $1,000 in liquidated damages per violation. Introduced February 5, 2024. A bill of the Legislature's 2024-2025 session, which ended January 13, 2026.
Technology; artificial intelligence; state agencies; prohibited uses; permitted uses; Office of Management and Enterprise Services; effective date.
Oklahoma's HB 3545 (2026), as engrossed, would have set rules for state agency use of AI: banning cognitive behavioral manipulation, discriminatory classification, real-time remote biometric identification in public spaces (with warrant and emergency exceptions) and deceptive deepfakes, and requiring human review of high-risk AI decisions. It passed the House 96-0 on March 11, 2026 and was referred to a Senate committee April 1, 2026; it died when the session ended May 14, 2026.
Urges generative artificial intelligence and content sharing platforms to make voluntary commitments to prevent and remove harmful content.
New Jersey Assembly Resolution 141 urges platforms used to generate and disseminate deepfake and cheapfake media to commit voluntarily to preventing and removing harmful content, and has copies sent to the chief executives of leading AI and content-sharing companies in the State. Its findings describe deepfakes and cheapfakes as artificially produced content used for libel, misrepresentation, blackmail, hacking and intimidation. The Assembly adopted it 74-1-1 on June 28, 2024. It is a resolution of one chamber that does not change the law.
Deepfake Political Advertising Regulation Amendment Act of 2024
The District of Columbia's B25-0832, the Deepfake Political Advertising Regulation Amendment Act of 2024, would have required campaign material containing AI-generated "artificial media" to carry a disclosure statement, barred knowingly distributing artificial media within 90 days of an election, and allowed injunctive relief and Campaign Finance Board civil fines. Introduced June 5, 2024 and referred to committee, it was not enacted and died when Council Period 25 ended.
An Act Regarding Synthetic Media in Campaign Advertising
Maine requires campaign ads that contain 'synthetic media' of a candidate to carry the disclosure 'THIS COMMUNICATION CONTAINS AUDIO, VIDEO AND/OR IMAGES THAT HAVE BEEN MANIPULATED OR ALTERED.' Synthetic media is an image, audio or video of a candidate that deceptively shows them saying or doing something they did not, or is altered to give a materially different impression; clarity edits, captions, satire and parody are excluded. Violations can bring civil penalties of up to 500% of the expenditure, and the Attorney General can seek injunctions. Broadcasters and newspapers are liable only with actual knowledge. Effective July 29, 2026.
Relates to requiring advertisements to disclose the use of synthetic media
Not law. A 216 (2023-2024) would have required anyone advertising goods or services in New York, in any medium, to disclose a synthetic performer in an ad when they knew of it: a digital asset made with generative AI or software to look like a human performer who is not any identifiable real person. Violations would have carried civil penalties of $1,000, then $5,000 for each later one. Its final version, A 216-C, was sent to the Assembly Rules Committee on June 6, 2024 and died when the session ended. A later version, S 8420-A, became law in December 2025.
AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 28 and Title 39, Chapter 17, relative to the unauthorized use of deepfake or actual likeness.
Tennessee's SB 1346, the Preventing Deepfake Images Act (Tenn. Code § 39-17-1901 et seq.), lets a person shown in an intimate digital depiction (a realistic digitally created or altered image appearing to show them nude or in sexual conduct) sue anyone who intentionally discloses it knowing, or recklessly disregarding, that they did not consent. Remedies: the defendant's gains, actual or $150,000 liquidated damages, punitive damages and fees. Disclosing or threatening to disclose one to harass or harm is a Class E felony (Class C if reasonably expected to affect a government proceeding or election, or to facilitate violence). Signed May 9, 2025 (Public Chapter 466); effective July 1, 2025.
An act relating to artificial intelligence and elections
Vermont's H.846 (2026) is a short-form bill that, per its statement of purpose, would have addressed artificial intelligence and elections. High-traffic online platforms would have had to block materially deceptive election content and label inauthentic or synthetic content around elections. Distributing an election communication with materially deceptive content 'with malice' within 120 days before a Vermont election would have been barred, and political advertisements generated or substantially altered with AI would have needed a disclosure. Referred to committee January 30, 2026; died with the biennium.
Defining synthetic media in campaigns for elective office, and providing relief for candidates and campaigns.
Chapter 360, Laws of 2023 addresses election deepfakes. Synthetic media is an image, audio or video of a person's appearance, speech or conduct intentionally manipulated with generative adversarial network techniques or other digital technology to create a realistic but false depiction with a fundamentally different impression than the original. A candidate depicted in synthetic media in an electioneering communication can seek an injunction and sue the sponsor for damages. A set-format disclosure that the media "has been manipulated" is an affirmative defense. The sponsor, not the medium, is liable unless the medium removes the disclosure or alters the content. Now chapter 29B.35 RCW.
Content Origin Protection and Integrity from Edited and Deepfaked Media Act of 2025
Federal S 1396, the Content Origin Protection and Integrity from Edited and Deepfaked Media Act of 2025, would direct the NIST Under Secretary to set up a public-private partnership on content provenance and synthetic-content detection standards. Starting 2 years after enactment, makers of tools for creating synthetic or synthetically-modified content would have to let users attach provenance information; removing it would be unlawful in some cases. Introduced April 9, 2025 and referred to the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee; it has not passed either chamber.
Enact the Ohio Right to Compute Act
The Ohio Right to Compute Act would bar state agencies and local governments from restricting anyone's lawful use, development, deployment or possession of computing resources, including AI and machine learning systems, unless the restriction is narrowly tailored to a compelling governmental interest, such as critical infrastructure reliability, fraud, protecting minors from nonconsensual deepfakes, or rules for employees' AI use. Anyone operating an AI system that controls critical infrastructure would need a risk management policy following the NIST AI framework or another recognized standard. The House Technology and Innovation Committee reported an amended version on June 10, 2026.
Relating to the use of artificial intelligence in campaign communications; declaring an emergency.
Oregon's SB 1571 requires any campaign communication (one supporting or opposing a clearly identified candidate or measure, at any spending level) that includes synthetic media to carry a disclosure that the image, audio or video has been manipulated. Synthetic media is an individual's image, audio or video intentionally manipulated with AI or similar digital technology into a realistic but false depiction that changes a reasonable person's understanding. The Secretary of State, or the Attorney General for Secretary of State races, may seek injunctions, and courts impose civil penalties up to $10,000. Signed March 27, 2024 (Chapter 62, Oregon Laws 2024); effective on signing.
Election Law - Election Misinformation, Election Disinformation, and Deepfakes
Maryland's Chapter 444 of 2026 targets election misinformation and deepfakes. On a credible report of false information about voting, results or voting rights, including a deepfake, the State Administrator of Elections must publish corrections and may seek a court order to remove it from online platforms (not against platforms for users' posts) and subpoena records. The State Board can sue those who knowingly spread disinformation, or recklessly spread misinformation, for correction costs. Knowingly or recklessly using a deepfake to produce materially false election information meant to sway voters or petition signers is a misdemeanor: up to 5 years and $5,000. Effective June 1, 2026.
Prohibit distributing deepfakes under the Nebraska Political Accountability and Disclosure Act
Not law. Nebraska LB615, introduced by Senator John Cavanaugh, would have barred distributing a deceptive and fraudulent deepfake of a candidate or party within 90 days before an election, if the distributor knew or should have known what it was. A disclaimer saying the media was manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence would have made the ban inapplicable, and a depicted candidate could have sought an injunction. Indefinitely postponed April 17, 2026.
Requires disclosure of the use of artificial intelligence in political communications; directs the state board of elections to create criteria for determining whether a political communication contains an image or video footage created through generative artificial intelligence and to create a…
This bill mandates disclosure of AI use in political communications and directs the state board of elections to define AI-generated content.
An act relating to the use of synthetic media in elections
Vermont's S.23 (Act 75) bars publishing, communicating or distributing, within 90 days before a Vermont election, synthetic media the person knows is deceptive and fraudulent unless it states: "This media has been manipulated or generated by digital technology and depicts speech or conduct that did not occur." Synthetic media is image, audio or video of a person created or intentionally manipulated with digital technology, including AI. Knowing and intentional violations: fines up to $1,000; $5,000 with intent to cause violence; $10,000 for a repeat within five years; $15,000 for both. Depicted candidates may seek injunctions. Signed and effective March 5, 2026.
Includes "deep fake" images created by digitization within the definition of unlawful dissemination or publication of an intimate image.
New York's S 1042-A extends the crime of unlawful dissemination or publication of an intimate image (Penal Law § 245.15), a class A misdemeanor, to images created or altered by digitization, meaning realistically altered using images of another person or computer-generated images. It is a crime to intentionally disseminate or publish, with intent to harm a person's emotional, financial or physical welfare, an image of that identifiable person with intimate parts exposed or engaged in sexual conduct with another person, when the actor knew or reasonably should have known the person did not consent. Signed September 29, 2023 (Chapter 513); effective November 28, 2023.
An Act relating to defamation claims based on the use of deepfakes; and relating to the use of deepfakes in electioneering communications.
Not law. HB 358 passed the Alaska House 38-2 on May 9, 2024. It would have made a defamation claim based on a deepfake defamation per se and barred knowingly using a deepfake in an electioneering communication to influence an election. People harmed could sue creators, knowing distributors or anyone who stripped a disclosure; a clear 'has been manipulated' label was a defense, and platforms and broadcasters carrying others' ads were not liable. The Senate Judiciary Committee rewrote it on May 13, 2024, but it died when the session ended.
Suspending Rules 24(c), 35, 41(b), and 42(e), Uniform Rules of the Alaska State Legislature, concerning House Bill No. 358, relating to defamation claims based on the use of deepfakes; and relating to the use of deepfakes in electioneering communications.
Not adopted. SCR 28 was a procedural resolution from the Alaska Senate Judiciary Committee to suspend the Legislature's Uniform Rules so that HB 358, the deepfake defamation and election bill, could take a new title after the committee rewrote it. It was read once and held on the Senate Secretary's desk on May 13, 2024, and neither it nor HB 358 passed before the session ended. It has no substantive provisions of its own.
Maryland Cybersecurity Council - Alterations
Maryland's HB 376 restructures the Maryland Cybersecurity Council and adds AI duties. Working with NIST, other federal agencies, businesses, nonprofits and experts, the Council must assess and address cybersecurity threats and associated risks from AI and quantum computing and address emerging AI threats, including adversarial AI, cyber attacks, deepfakes, unethical use and fraud. The Attorney General no longer chairs it; from October 1, 2025 members elect a chair and vice chair every 2 years. Appointed seats become designated ones, including nine higher education members (at least four with AI and quantum computing expertise). Approved May 20, 2025 (Chapter 627); effective October 1, 2025.
CRIM CD-Deepfake-Harass
Illinois's HB 5106 (104th General Assembly) would amend the Criminal Code of 2012 so that a person commits harassment through electronic communications when he or she uses electronic communication to transmit a deepfake to any person with intent to harass. The bill would also define "deepfake". Referred to the House Rules Committee on February 10, 2026.
Prohibits the creation and dissemination of synthetic media within sixty days of an election with intent to unduly influence the outcome of an election; makes such act a class E felony.
New York's S 8400-A (2023-2024) would have added Election Law § 17-172 making it a class E felony to create, or cause to be created, synthetic media and disseminate or publish it within sixty days of an election with intent to injure a candidate or unduly influence the outcome. It excluded commentary, parody, news reporting and media made with consent. Amended January 30, 2024 and left in the Elections Committee; it died when the 2023-2024 session ended.
TO CREATE THE CRIMINAL OFFENSE OF UNLAWFUL CREATION OR DISTRIBUTION OF DEEPFAKE VISUAL MATERIAL; AND TO ESTABLISH A CAUSE OF ACTION FOR UNLAWFUL CREATION OF DEEPFAKE VISUAL MATERIAL.
Arkansas Act 827 of 2025 makes it a crime to knowingly create or distribute, without consent, realistic deepfake images or video showing an identifiable person nude or engaged in sexual conduct: a Class A misdemeanor for a first offense and a Class D felony after that. The Attorney General may sue providers or developers of prompt-based image generation tools used to make such material if they lacked reasonable safeguards, and injured people may sue the tool provider or whoever caused the deepfake, recovering damages and attorney's fees. Approved April 17, 2025; effective August 5, 2025.
Prohibits deepfake pornography and imposes criminal and civil penalties for non-consensual disclosure.
Not law. A 1892 would have made it a crime in New Jersey to disclose sexually explicit deepfakes of a person without consent, with the same penalty as nonconsensual 'revenge porn' (a third-degree crime: 3 to 5 years and up to $15,000), and would have punished deepfakes depicting the sexual abuse of a child like child sexual abuse material. People depicted could also sue for invasion of privacy. The Assembly Science, Innovation and Technology Committee approved it 7-0 on March 4, 2024, but it got no further action before the 2024-2025 session ended. Its Senate twin was S 976.
SCHOOLS: Prohibits the use of deepfake material against students enrolled in K-12. (8/1/26)
Louisiana's SB 346 (Act 496) adds R.S. 17:416.14.1: no student, faculty member, administrative staff member or other employee at an elementary or secondary school may use material considered a deepfake against a K-12 student with the intent to coerce, harass, intimidate, or maliciously disseminate or sell the material. A deepfake is audio or visual media made or altered to falsely appear to a reasonable observer to be an authentic record of an individual's speech or conduct, or that swaps in another's likeness. BESE, with the Department of Education, must adopt rules to implement it. Signed May 29, 2026; effective August 1, 2026.
Amends existing law to revise a provision regarding video voyeurism and to revise a penalty for disclosing explicit synthetic media.
Idaho's H 727 (2026 Session Laws Chapter 121) amends two sex-crime laws. Video voyeurism (§ 18-6605), a felony, covers disseminating, publishing or selling, or threatening or conspiring to do so, an identifiable person's intimate image to harass or degrade. Disclosing explicit synthetic media (§ 18-6606), meaning images or videos created or altered with AI or other technical means to realistically show a person in sexual conduct or nude, is a misdemeanor but a felony (up to 10 years, $25,000 or both) if the person shown is under 18 or for a repeat offense within five years. Signed March 25, 2026; effective July 1, 2026.
Revise election laws regarding disclosure requirements for the use of AI in elections
Montana bars people and groups working in an official election capacity from paying for or sponsoring an election or electioneering communication they know, or should know, is a deepfake of a candidate or party on the ballot, within 60 days before voting begins, unless it carries the disclosure 'This (image/audio/video/multimedia) has been significantly edited by artificial intelligence and depicts speech or conduct that falsely appears to be authentic or truthful.' Aggrieved candidates can sue; repeat violations become crimes. News coverage, satire, paid broadcasters and online platforms are exempt. Effective October 1, 2025.
Political campaign advertisements; synthetic media, penalty.
Vetoed. Virginia's HB 2479 (2025) would have barred sponsoring an electioneering communication (a paid message naming a candidate, aimed at voters within 60 days of the election) containing synthetic media, meaning deceptively altered or AI-generated images or audio of an identifiable person, unless it conspicuously stated that it contains synthetic media that may present conduct or speech that did not occur. Violations would have carried civil penalties up to $25,000 and, if willful, a Class 1 misdemeanor; voters could have sued to stop the ads. Governor Youngkin vetoed it (March 24, 2025), and the House sustained the veto April 2, 2025.
AN ACT CONCERNING THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND OTHER MEANS TO GENERATE DECEPTIVE SYNTHETIC MEDIA AND AFFECT ELECTIONS.
Did not pass. HB 5342 would have barred distributing deceptive synthetic media (AI-altered or fake images, audio or video of a person) within 90 days before a Connecticut election or primary, without the person's consent and with intent to injure a candidate or sway the result, unless it carried a 'manipulated' disclaimer. Violations would have been crimes, from a class C misdemeanor to a class D felony for repeat offenses, and the Attorney General, depicted people and candidates could have sued. It cleared two committees but never got a House vote; the page previously showed it as passed by one chamber.
Preventing the dissemination of deepfake materials of political candidates before an election.
New Hampshire's HB 630 (2025) would have amended RSA 664:14-c, which bars distributing a deepfake of a candidate, election official or party within 90 days of an election unless it carries a prescribed disclosure, so that it covers deepfakes created using any "synthetic media technology" rather than only "artificial intelligence or generative AI", and so the disclosure refers to "digital technology" instead of "artificial intelligence technology". The House adopted the committee's Inexpedient to Legislate report 201-169 on March 20, 2025, and the bill died.
Sensitive Deepfake Images
New Mexico's HB 530 (2025) would have expanded the unauthorized-distribution-of-sensitive-images law (NMSA 30-37A-1) to cover 'sensitive deepfake images', meaning images created, altered or digitally manipulated to show a person's uncovered genitals, a woman's breast below the top of the areola, or an intimate act. It would also have made malicious threats to distribute such images a crime and added civil claims. It was introduced and referred to HCPAC and HJC on February 20, 2025, then postponed indefinitely (undated), and died.
"Prohibition of Exploitation by Deepfakes Act"; enact.
Mississippi's SB 2437 (2025), the "Prohibition of Exploitation by Deepfakes Act," would have made it unlawful to use an interactive computer service to knowingly publish intimate visual depictions, including AI-made "morphed images," of identifiable individuals in certain circumstances. Per its title it would also have required covered platforms to run a notice-and-removal process. It was referred to Judiciary, Division B on January 20, 2025, and died in committee on February 4, 2025.
Prohibits creation or disclosure of deceptive audio or visual media, known as "deepfakes," under certain circumstances.
New Jersey's S3305 would make it a fourth-degree crime to create deceptive audio or visual media (deepfakes) without license or privilege for an unlawful purpose, and a third-degree crime to disclose such media without clearly identifying it as deceptive, with a fine up to $30,000. The depicted person could sue for at least $1,000 liquidated damages per violation. Introduced February 2, 2026.
Establishes criminal penalties for production or dissemination of deceptive audio or visual media, commonly known as "deepfakes."
New Jersey's A 3540 (P.L.2025, c.40) makes it a third-degree crime for a person, without license or privilege, to create a deepfake (deceptive audio or visual media) to attempt or further any crime or offense, or to solicit, disclose or use one for that purpose; knowingly or recklessly disclosing a deepfake made in violation is a fourth-degree crime. A fine of up to $30,000 may be added, sentences must run consecutively with the underlying offense, and victims may sue for at least $1,000 per knowing or reckless violation. Approved April 2, 2025; effective immediately.
Artificial Intelligence Public Awareness and Education Campaign Act
The federal H.R. 7151 (Artificial Intelligence Public Awareness and Education Campaign Act) would require the Secretary of Commerce, within 180 days after enactment, to establish a public awareness, education and AI consumer literacy campaign on how prevalent AI is in daily life. The campaign would cover best practices for detecting the provenance of digital media (including deepfakes and chatbot content) and outreach to people especially susceptible to AI-enabled fraud, such as seniors. It would end 5 years after enactment, with no additional funds authorized. Introduced January 20, 2026 and referred to the House Energy and Commerce Committee; no further action.
Identity Protection Modifications
Utah SB 256 (2026) applies defamation law to deepfakes and strengthens likeness rights. It is not a defense to libel or slander that content was created with generative AI, computer animation or digital manipulation. Before suing over digitally created content, a plaintiff must give the publisher written notice, and removal within 10 days limits recovery to actual damages. It establishes an exclusive right to consent to use of one's identity and extends the Abuse of Personal Identity Act, as amended by 2025 SB 271, to distributing or trafficking in identity-replication tools, with exemptions. Effective May 6, 2026.
Establishes the crime of aggravated harassment by means of electronic or digital communication; provides for a private right of action for the unlawful dissemination or publication of deep fakes, which are digitized images which are altered to incorporate a person's face or their identifiable body…
New York's S 6278 would add Penal Law § 240.80, making it a class A misdemeanor, with intent to harass, annoy, threaten or alarm, to produce, distribute, publish or broadcast a deep fake: an altered digital image that puts a person's face or body part into a pornographic or lewd sex act or graphic violence without the person's explicit written permission. It would also amend Civil Rights Law §§ 52-b and 52-c to allow lawsuits over unlawful deep fakes. Referred to Codes January 7, 2026; it has not passed either chamber.
Establishes the "AI-Generated Content Accountability and Privacy Protection Act of 2026"
Missouri's HB 2321 (AI-Generated Content Accountability and Privacy Protection Act of 2026), as introduced, would make it a crime to knowingly publish or distribute algorithmically generated or altered content depicting a person without that person's consent (up to two years or $20,000, or both), with higher penalties for sexual content or distribution through online platforms, and exceptions for art, parody, satire and research. A House committee substitute was reported do pass on February 26, 2026 (filed under primary bill HB 1887; not reviewed here), but the bill died when the 2026 regular session ended in May 2026 without being truly agreed to and finally passed.
Criminal Law - Identity Fraud - Artificial Intelligence and Deepfake Representations
Maryland's Chapter 445 of 2026 adds AI and deepfakes to the state's identity fraud law. Knowingly, willfully and with fraudulent intent using AI or a deepfake (a realistic image, video or audio of an actual, identifiable person) to impersonate, falsely depict or claim to represent someone to cause harm, or to create or distribute false records to cause harm, get personal identifying information or get something of value, is a felony: up to 5 years and $10,000 with one victim, 10 years and $15,000 with two or more. Victims can sue for an injunction and other relief. Effective October 1, 2026.
Preventing Deepfakes of Intimate Images Act
The federal H.R. 1941 (Preventing Deepfakes of Intimate Images Act) would let the subject of a digitally manipulated intimate depiction sue anyone who discloses it without consent, with $150,000 in liquidated damages, and make it a federal crime to disclose or threaten to disclose one with intent to harass or to cause harm: up to 2 years in prison, or up to 10 in certain cases. Introduced March 6, 2025 and referred to the House Judiciary Committee; no further action.
DEFIANCE Act of 2025 Disrupt Explicit Forged Images And Non-Consensual Edits Act of 2025
The federal H.R. 3562 (DEFIANCE Act of 2025) would amend 15 U.S.C. 6851 to let an identifiable individual sue over an "intimate digital forgery": a sexually intimate depiction made with software, machine learning or AI that a reasonable person could not tell from a real one. Liquidated damages would be $150,000, or $250,000 if tied to sexual assault, stalking or harassment. Introduced May 21, 2025 and referred to the House Judiciary Committee; no further action.
Synthetic digital content; definition, penalty, report, effective clause.
Virginia's HB 2124 (2025) would treat AI-made synthetic digital content that realistically but falsely depicts a person as "words" under the insulting-words, defamation-mitigation and criminal slander laws, and make using it for the purpose of a fraud crime a separate Class 1 misdemeanor, with a civil claim for the person depicted. Those changes needed reenactment by the 2026 General Assembly, which did not reenact them, so they are not in the Code of Virginia. The act also had the Attorney General convene a work group, which reported in January 2026. Approved March 24, 2025 (Chapter 398); identical to SB 1053.
Synthetic digital content; definition, penalty, report, effective clause.
Virginia's SB 1053 (2025) would treat AI-made synthetic digital content that realistically but falsely depicts a person as "words" under the insulting-words, defamation-mitigation and criminal slander laws, and make using it for the purpose of a fraud crime a separate Class 1 misdemeanor, with a civil claim for the person depicted. Those changes needed reenactment by the 2026 General Assembly, which did not reenact them, so they are not in the Code of Virginia. The act also had the Attorney General convene a work group, which reported in January 2026. Approved March 24, 2025 (Chapter 407); identical to HB 2124.
AN ACT relating to protection of information and declaring an emergency.
Kentucky's SB 4 (2025) governs state government's use of AI. The Commonwealth Office of Technology must create an Artificial Intelligence Governance Committee, set standards for agencies' use of generative and high-risk AI, keep a registry of those systems and report yearly. Agencies must disclose AI use to the public, explain AI-driven decisions and offer appeals of consequential decisions. A candidate whose appearance, action or speech is altered with synthetic media in an electioneering communication may sue the sponsor to require a clear disclosure. Signed March 24, 2025 (Acts Ch. 66); emergency act, effective on signing.
AN ACT relating to campaign practices; requiring certain communications relating to an election that include synthetic media to contain a disclosure; and providing other matters properly relating thereto.
Nevada AB 73 adds NRS 294A.3493. A campaign communication paid for by a person, candidate or committee that supports or opposes a candidate or party and includes synthetic media (an image, audio or video of a person intentionally manipulated with AI, generative AI or GAN techniques so it looks real but gives a fundamentally different impression) must clearly state "This (image/video/audio) has been manipulated." Video must show it throughout; audio must say it at the start, end and every 2 minutes. A depicted candidate can sue for an injunction. Broadcasters, platforms and satire/parody are exempt. Effective Jan. 1, 2026.
Law Enforcement Usage of Artificial Intelligence
Utah SB 180 (2025) requires each law enforcement agency to have a policy on employees' use of generative AI, covering approved tools, permitted tasks, review of AI output and discipline for violations. A police report or other law enforcement record created wholly or partly with generative AI must carry a disclaimer that it contains AI-generated content, and the author must certify that they read and reviewed it for accuracy. The act defines artificial intelligence and generative AI. Effective May 7, 2025.
Identifying Outputs of Generative Adversarial Networks Act (IOGAN Act)
The IOGAN Act directs the National Science Foundation to support research on manipulated or synthesized content and information authenticity, including digital forensic tools, watermarking of generated media, and public awareness of deepfakes (sec. 3). It directs NIST to support measurement and standards research to speed development of tools that examine the outputs of generative adversarial networks (sec. 4). NSF and NIST must jointly report to Congress within one year on the feasibility of public-private partnerships to detect manipulated or synthesized content (sec. 5). Section 6 defines generative adversarial network.
State-by-State Regulation of Deepfake Laws by State
Artificial intelligence regulation is advancing at the state level. This page lists the 266 published bills we track on Deepfake Laws by State. State attorneys general, privacy regulators, and legislatures are developing a patchwork of laws that impose different obligations on businesses deploying AI systems related to this topic. Compliance teams and legal counsel must track both enacted laws and the pipeline of pending bills that could shift requirements at any time.
Obligations differ from bill to bill. Depending on the law, they can include consumer disclosure obligations, prohibition on specific high-risk uses, mandatory algorithmic impact assessments, bias audits, rights to explanation, and human override requirements. Penalties for non-compliance vary by state — use our Penalty Tracker to review enforcement provisions. For upcoming effective dates, see the Deadlines page.
To understand how Deepfake Laws by State laws intersect with specific industries, browse our Healthcare, Employment, Insurance, and Financial Services industry trackers. Compare how different state laws approach this topic using our Bill Comparator.